More similar than you think: Frog metamorphosis as a model of human perinatal endocrinology
More similar than you think: Frog metamorphosis as a model of human perinatal endocrinology
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.018
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发表时间：
2015-12-15
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Buchholz, Daniel R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Buchholz, Daniel R.
在人类围产期，激素对发育的控制是至关重要和复杂的，在准备分娩的过程中，多种激素调节着胎儿的生长、大脑的发育和器官的成熟。这种荷尔蒙控制的遗传和环境扰动可能会造成不可逆转的形态和生理损害，也可能使个人容易患上成年疾病，包括糖尿病和心血管疾病。调节围产期发育的内分泌和分子机制以及早期生活事件和成人疾病之间的联系尚未得到很好的阐明。由于混淆的母体效应，在封闭子宫的哺乳动物胚胎中很难研究这种机制。为了阐明围产期发育内分泌学的机制，非洲爪蛙非洲爪蛙是一个有价值的脊椎动物模型。青蛙和人类具有相同的激素，它们在出生和变态时达到峰值，具有保守的激素受体和基因调节机制，在许多靶器官中具有类似的激素作用。研究青蛙激素依赖发育的分子和内分泌机制是有利的，因为延长的自由生活期幼虫随后变态(1)不受母体内分泌影响，(2)由甲状腺和糖皮质激素诱导的显著但保守的发育效应，(3)开始于激素水平自然检测不到的发育阶段，从而促进内分泌操作和对结果的解释。本文着重介绍了青蛙变态在阐明分子和内分泌作用、激素相互作用和内分泌干扰方面的作用，特别是对甲状腺激素的影响。来自青蛙模型的知识有望提供基本的见解，以帮助医学理解内分泌疾病、压力和影响人类围产期的内分泌紊乱。(C)2015 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
Hormonal control of development during the human perinatal period is critically important and complex with multiple hormones regulating fetal growth, brain development, and organ maturation in preparation for birth. Genetic and environmental perturbations of such hormonal control may cause irreversible morphological and physiological impairments and may also predispose individuals to diseases of adulthood, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Endocrine and molecular mechanisms that regulate perinatal development and that underlie the connections between early life events and adult diseases are not well elucidated. Such mechanisms are difficult to study in uterus-enclosed mammalian embryos because of confounding maternal effects. To elucidate mechanisms of developmental endocrinology in the perinatal period, Xenopus laevis the African clawed frog is a valuable vertebrate model. Frogs and humans have identical hormones which peak at birth and metamorphosis, have conserved hormone receptors and mechanisms of gene regulation, and have comparable roles for hormones in many target organs. Study of molecular and endocrine mechanisms of hormone-dependent development in frogs is advantageous because an extended free-living larval period followed by metamorphosis (1) is independent of maternal endocrine influence, (2) exhibits dramatic yet conserved developmental effects induced by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones, and (3) begins at a developmental stage with naturally undetectable hormone levels, thereby facilitating endocrine manipulation and interpretation of results. This review highlights the utility of frog metamorphosis to elucidate molecular and endocrine actions, hormone interactions, and endocrine disruption, especially with respect to thyroid hormone. Knowledge from the frog model is expected to provide fundamental insights to aid medical understanding of endocrine disease, stress, and endocrine disruption affecting the perinatal period in humans. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.