Birth Weight, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water during Pregnancy in the Born in Bradford Cohort.
Birth Weight, Ethnicity, and Exposure to Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids in Drinking Water during Pregnancy in the Born in Bradford Cohort.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1409480
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发表时间：
2016-05
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Toledano MB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smith RB;Edwards SC;Best N;Wright J;Nieuwenhuijsen MJ;Toledano MB
三卤甲烷（THM）或卤乙酸（HAA）暴露与胎儿生长不良之间关系的证据不一致。消毒副产物以复杂的混合物形式存在于供水系统中，但THMs和哈斯通常分别进行检测。我们在布拉德福德出生的多种族出生队列中调查了个体水平上与出生体重相关的THMs和哈斯的联合暴露。孕妇通过问卷报告其饮水量和活动情况。这些数据与区域水平THM和HAA浓度相结合，以估计THM进入血液和HAA摄入的综合吸收，占沸腾/过滤。我们使用多元线性回归，按种族分层，研究了THM和HAA暴露与多达7，438名单胎足月婴儿出生体重之间的关系。在巴基斯坦出生的婴儿中，平均出生体重显著低于最高和最低三分位数的综合THM摄取（例如，-53.7克; 95%可信区间：总THM ≥ 1.82 μ g/天与< 1.05 μg/天分别为-89.9、-17.5），并且在增加的三分位数中存在显著趋势（p < 0.01），但在白色英国婴儿中没有相关性。无论是单独摄入哈斯还是与三卤甲烷联合摄入，都与出生体重无关。通过淋浴，洗澡和游泳的估计THM摄入量与巴基斯坦出生的婴儿出生体重较低显着相关，当调整THM和HAA摄入量通过水的消耗。据我们所知，这是迄今为止最大规模的DBP和胎儿生长研究，涉及个人用水数据，也是第一次检查联合THM-HAA暴露的个人水平估计值。我们的研究结果表明，THM之间的关联，但不是HAA，在怀孕期间暴露和出生体重下降，但这表明种族不同。这项研究表明，三卤代甲烷不是作为一个代理哈斯，反之亦然。史密斯RB，爱德华兹SC，最佳N，赖特J，Nieuwenhuijsen MJ，Toledano MB。2016.出生于布拉德福德队列的出生体重、种族和妊娠期间饮用水中三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的暴露。环境健康展望124：681-689; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409480
Evidence for a relationship between trihalomethane (THM) or haloacetic acid (HAA) exposure and adverse fetal growth is inconsistent. Disinfection by-products exist as complex mixtures in water supplies, but THMs and HAAs have typically been examined separately. We investigated joint exposure at the individual level to THMs and HAAs in relation to birth weight in the multi-ethnic Born in Bradford birth cohort. Pregnant women reported their water consumption and activities via questionnaire. These data were combined with area-level THM and HAA concentrations to estimate integrated uptake of THMs into blood and HAA ingestion, accounting for boiling/filtering. We examined the relationship between THM and HAA exposures and birth weight of up to 7,438 singleton term babies using multiple linear regression, stratified by ethnicity. Among Pakistani-origin infants, mean birth weight was significantly lower in association with the highest versus lowest tertiles of integrated THM uptake (e.g., –53.7 g; 95% CI: –89.9, –17.5 for ≥ 1.82 vs. < 1.05 μg/day of total THM) and there were significant trends (p < 0.01) across increasing tertiles, but there were no associations among white British infants. Neither ingestion of HAAs alone or jointly with THMs was associated with birth weight. Estimated THM uptake via showering, bathing, and swimming was significantly associated with lower birth weight in Pakistani-origin infants, when adjusting for THM and HAA ingestion via water consumption. To our knowledge, this is the largest DBP and fetal growth study to date with individual water use data, and the first to examine individual-level estimates of joint THM–HAA exposure. Our findings demonstrate associations between THM, but not HAA, exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth weight, but suggest this differs by ethnicity. This study suggests that THMs are not acting as a proxy for HAAs, or vice-versa. Smith RB, Edwards SC, Best N, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB. 2016. Birth weight, ethnicity, and exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water during pregnancy in the Born in Bradford cohort. Environ Health Perspect 124:681–689; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409480