Cyanobacterial toxin biosensors for environmental monitoring and protection
Cyanobacterial toxin biosensors for environmental monitoring and protection
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DOI：
10.1016/j.medntd.2021.100059
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发表时间：
2021-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Bertani;W. Lu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Bertani;W. Lu
蓝藻毒素主要使用各种商业技术进行监测，例如酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）。事实上，监管机构创建和使用的官方协议已将这些方法根植于技术文档中。然而，生物传感器技术已经发展了数十年，并且有望取代许多现有方法。生物传感器的要求包括但不限于实时诊断、易于使用（减少对经过培训的人员的要求）、较低的成本、高灵敏度、强大的平台和良好的再现性。相比之下，ELISA 等实验室技术需要固定设备并使用经过认证的毒素定量标准。生物传感器的使用可以减少材料的总体负担和相关的生产成本。鉴于饮用水和娱乐中毒素的监管限制，文献中报道的各种生物传感器平台（基于石墨烯的、光学的、免疫学的等）具有足够的灵敏度来遵守这些指南，但是，目前还没有生物传感器被批准以相同的方式使用或被接受作为合适的替代品。在许多情况下，生物传感器已在有限的能力内与先前提到的 ELISA、LC-MS 和 HPLC（高效液相色谱）等现有技术进行比较，并且可以作为替代筛选方法的良好工具。本综述中检查的生物传感器根据四个标准进行评估：(1) 即时护理 (POC) 使用的可行性，(2) 测定时间（从样本采集到收到数据的时间），(3) 测量之间的变异（报告的变异系数值），以及 (4) 动态范围和/或检测限 (LOD)，以获得给定技术用于毒素定量和检测的适用性的测量。
Cyanobacterial toxins are primarily monitored using a variety of commercially available techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Indeed, official protocols created and utilized by regulatory bodies have these methodologies ingrained into the technical documentation. However, biosensor technology has been advancing for decades and are positioned to replace many existing methods. The requirements of biosensors include, but are not limited to, real time diagnostics, ease of use (reducing requirements for trained personnel), lower costs, high sensitivity, robust platforms, and good reproducibility. In contrast, laboratory techniques like ELISA require immobile equipment and the use of certified standards for toxin quantification. The use of biosensors may reduce the overall burden of materials and associated costs of production. Given the regulatory limits for toxins in drinking water and recreation, a wide array of biosensor platforms (graphene-based, optical, immunological, etc.) reported in the literature have sufficient sensitivity to comply with these guidelines, however, currently no biosensor has been approved for use in the same manner or accepted as a suitable alternative. In many cases, biosensors have been compared in a limited capacity to established technologies such as the previously mentioned ELISA, LC-MS, and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and would serve as good tools to be used as proxy screening methods. Biosensors examined in this review are evaluated on four criterion: (1) feasibility for point-of-care (POC) use, (2) assay time (time from sample collection to receipt of data), (3) variation between measurements (reported coefficient of variation values), and (4) dynamic range and/or limit of detection (LOD) to obtain a measure of a given technique’s suitability to be used for toxin quantification and detection.