Editorial overview: Cell nucleus: the nucleus: a dynamic organelle.
Editorial overview: Cell nucleus: the nucleus: a dynamic organelle.
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编辑概述：细胞核：细胞核：动态细胞器。
DOI：
10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.005
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
7.5
通讯作者：
Karpen,GaryH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rout,MichaelP;Karpen,GaryH
细胞核可能是真核生物的定义性特征（希腊语“eu-”（带“-karyon”（内核，细胞核）），也是所有真核细胞器在组织规模和复杂性方面的皇帝。当然，它是几乎所有基因组信息的储存库，这些信息编码在DNA序列中，DNA序列包裹在染色质中，作为称为染色体的离散聚合物包，依次被双膜核被膜（NE）包围。我们在人类和其他真核生物基因组学上的投资是巨大的，但回报却很缓慢，因为我们发现，单靠序列组装几乎不能揭示遗传信息是如何被利用的。相反，基因组的功能很大程度上受到控制细胞核和染色体结构和动力学的过程的影响-染色质因子和修饰，表观遗传机制，以及控制分子进出细胞核的途径。此外，基因组不仅仅是一台读取软件的计算机-相反，在细胞核中，我们不能将控制系统与机器分开。例如，DNA不仅提供遗传密码，还形成核结构的动态支架，染色质包装蛋白的修饰方式也可能是遗传密码的一部分。真核细胞的很大一部分参与了核的维护和功能，因此可能超过三分之一的蛋白质，以及几乎所有的RNA和DNA，使细胞核成为它们在细胞中生活方式的一个组成部分。因此，如果我们希望我们的投资得到充分回报，我们现在必须投入资源，充分了解细胞核如何作为一个细胞器发挥作用，积极管理健康和患病细胞中整个基因组的分层组织，表达和通信。这里的意见反映了细胞核作为一个细胞器的这种不断变化的观点;不是一个被动的遗传信息库，而是一个积极的，动态的上层建筑，其过程决定了如何组织，访问和使用信息。
The nucleus is perhaps the defining feature of ‘eukaryotes’(Greek ‘eu-’(with)‘-karyon’(kernel, nucleus)), and the emperor of all eukaryotic organelles in terms of scale and complexity of organization. It is, of course, the repository for almost all genomic information, encoded in DNA sequences wrapped into chromatin as discrete polymer packages termed chromosomes, surrounded in turn by a double-membrane nuclear envelope (NE). Our investment in genomics in humans and other eukaryotes has been rightly huge; however, the return has been slow, as we discovered that sequence assemblies alone reveal little about how genetic information is utilized. Instead, genome functions are greatly influenced by processes that control nuclear and chromosome architecture and dynamics—chromatin factors and modifications, epigenetic mechanisms, and pathways for controlling transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus.Moreover, the genome is not just a computer that reads software—rather, in the nucleus we cannot separate the control system from the machinery. For example, DNA not only provides the genetic code but also forms the dynamic scaffold for nuclear structures, and the way chromatin packaging proteins are modified can also be part of the heritable code. A huge portion of the eukaryotic cellular machinery is involved in nuclear maintenance and function, such that likely over one-third of all proteins, and almost all RNA and DNA, make the nucleus an integral part of their lifestyle in the cell. Therefore, if we ever want a full return on our investment, we must now devote resources to fully understand how the nucleus functions as an organelle, actively manages the hierarchical organization, expression, and communication across the genome, in both healthy and diseased cells. The Opinions here reflect this changing view of the nucleus as an organelle; not a passive repository for genetic information, but an active, dynamic superstructure whose processes dictate how that information is organized, accessed and used.