Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake
Listening to the 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake
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聆听 2011 年日本东北冲里氏 9.0 级地震
DOI：
10.1785/gssrl.83.2.287
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
B. Enescu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhigang Peng;C. Aiken;D. Kilb;D. Shelly;B. Enescu
在线材料：六部补充电影
2011 年 3 月 11 日发生的日本东北冲里氏 9.0 级地震是日本现代史上迄今为止最大的地震，也是自 1900 年以来世界第四大地震。这次地震发生在日本东北部俯冲带内（图 1），太平洋板块以每年约 8-9 厘米的速度俯冲到鄂霍次克板块下方（DeMets 等，2010）。这种俯冲带内的特大地震通常被称为“巨型逆冲断层”地震。这次9级地震的强烈震动吞没了整个日本列岛，最大加速度达到重力的3倍（3克）。主要事件发生前两天，发生了一次前震，其中包括一次 7.2 级地震。主要事件发生后，主滑坡区周围发生了多次余震；其中最大的震级为 7.9 级。整个前震-主震-余震序列被日本各地数千台灵敏的地震仪和大地测量仪器记录下来，导致了历史上记录最齐全的逆冲地震。这次毁灭性的地震造成了严重的破坏和大量的死亡人数，这主要是由相关的大海啸造成的。这次海啸的高度达到了30m以上，洪水向距离太平洋海岸5公里以上的内陆蔓延，还引发了核危机，至今仍在影响日本某些地区的人民生活。
作为地震学家，重要的是，我们必须向其他可能不一定精通地震学语言和方法的人有效地传达有关灾难性地震的信息，例如最近发生的日本事件。直到最近，通常仅使用“快照”静态图像来表示地震数据。仅凭这些静态图像，通常很难解释地震产生的地震波的基本特征，例如一次（P）、二次……
Online Material: Six supplemental movies
The magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake on 11 March 2011 is the largest earthquake to date in Japan’s modern history and is ranked as the fourth largest earthquake in the world since 1900. This earthquake occurred within the northeast Japan subduction zone (Figure 1), where the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk plate at rate of ∼8–9 cm/yr (DeMets et al. 2010). This type of extremely large earthquake within a subduction zone is generally termed a “megathrust” earthquake. Strong shaking from this magnitude 9 earthquake engulfed the entire Japanese Islands, reaching a maximum acceleration ∼3 times that of gravity (3 g). Two days prior to the main event, a foreshock sequence occurred, including one earthquake of magnitude 7.2. Following the main event, numerous aftershocks occurred around the main slip region; the largest of these was magnitude 7.9. The entire foreshocks-mainshock-aftershocks sequence was well recorded by thousands of sensitive seismometers and geodetic instruments across Japan, resulting in the best-recorded megathrust earthquake in history. This devastating earthquake resulted in significant damage and high death tolls caused primarily by the associated large tsunami. This tsunami reached heights of more than 30 m, and inundation propagated inland more than 5 km from the Pacific coast, which also caused a nuclear crisis that is still affecting people’s lives in certain regions of Japan.
As seismologists, it is important that we effectively convey information about catastrophic earthquakes, like this recent Japan event, to others who may not necessarily be well versed in the language and methods of earthquake seismology. Until recently, it was typical to only use “snapshot” static images to represent earthquake data. From these static images alone it was often difficult to explain even the basic characteristics of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, such as primary ( P ), secondary …