Varieties Of Dualization
Varieties Of Dualization
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二元化的种类
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797899.003.0002
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hanna Schwander
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Silja Häusermann;Hanna Schwander
所有后工业化劳动力市场都变得越来越细分，既有标准就业的内部人，也有失业和/或非典型就业风险更大的外部人士。在本文中，我们分析了这种分割在多大程度上转化为实际的经济、社会和政治二元论。我们认为，这种转换取决于制度福利制度。虽然一些制度抵消了分割--从而防止了结果中的实际二元论--但另一些制度则延续、甚至加强了内部和外部的分歧。从经验上看，我们表明，后工业化劳动力市场的结构性变化产生了类似的、但不是完全相同的不同政体的内部和外部人士。然后，我们考察了分割对三组结果的分配后果：a)劳动力市场二元论，即毛收入能力以及获得工作流动性和培训的机会；b)社会保护二元论，即税收和转移对内部人和外部人之间的净收入差距、养老金政策和劳动力市场政策覆盖面的影响；以及c)政治一体化二元论，即工会成员和政治参与方面的局外人差距。本章论证了劳动力市场分割的结构性趋势导致了不同的二元化模式：欧洲大陆和南欧的制度在二元论的所有三个维度上延续甚至加强了局外人的分裂。在自由福利制度下，外来者在劳动力市场面临着强大的劣势。然而，自由福利国家有助于缩小局内人和局外人在净收入方面的差距。在北欧的福利制度中，劳动力市场分割也是现实。然而，在就业前景、收入、福利权利和政治融合方面，局内人和局外人的处境更加平等。
All post-industrial labor markets become increasingly segmented between insiders who are in standard employment, and outsiders who incur a greater risk of unemployment and/or atypical employment. In this paper, we analyze to what extent this segmentation translates into actual economic, social and political dualism. We argue that this translation depends on institutional welfare regimes. While some regimes countervail segmentation–thereby preventing actual dualism in outcomes-, others perpetuate or even reinforce insider-outsider divides. Empirically, we show that structural change towards post-industrial labor markets has produced similar, but not identical sets of insiders and outsiders across regimes. We then examine the distributional consequences of segmentation with regard to three sets of outcomes: a) labor market dualism, ie gross earnings power as well as access to job mobility and training; b) social protection dualism, ie the effect of taxes and transfers on net income differentials between insiders and outsiders, pension policy and labor market policy coverage; and c) political integration dualism, ie the insider outsider gap in terms of trade union membership and political participation. The chapter demonstrates that the structural trend of labor market segmentation results in different patterns of dualization: continental and southern European regimes perpetuate and even reinforce the insider outsider divide with regard to all three dimensions of dualism. In liberal welfare regimes, outsiders face strong disadvantages in the labor market. However, the liberal welfare state contributes to narrowing the gap between insiders and outsiders in terms of net income. In the Nordic welfare regimes, labor market segmentation is also a reality. However, insiders and outsiders fare more equally with regard to job perspectives, income, welfare rights and political integration.