The changing water paradigm -: A look at twenty-first century water resources development
The changing water paradigm -: A look at twenty-first century water resources development
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DOI：
10.1080/02508060008686804
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Gleick, PH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gleick, PH
世界各地的水资源管理方法正在发生巨大变化。这一“变化的水模式”有许多组成部分，包括从单一的、甚至是主要的依赖寻找新的供应来源来满足感知到的新需求，日益强调将生态价值纳入水政策，重新强调满足人类对水服务的基本需求，以及有意识地打破经济增长和水使用之间的联系。对实物解决方案的依赖继续主导着传统的规划方法，但这些解决方案正面临越来越多的反对。与此同时，正在开发新的方法，以满足不断增长的人口的需求，而不需要进行重大的新建设或从一个地区向另一个地区进行新的大规模调水。越来越多的水供应商和规划机构开始探索提高效率，实施管理需求和在用户之间重新分配水的备选方案，以减少预计的缺口，满足未来的需求。随着食品专家的关注开始涵盖可用水的现实，水和食品之间的联系正受到越来越多的关注。这些转变来之不易；它们遭到了内部的强烈反对。它们仍然没有被普遍接受，也可能不是永久性的。然而，这些变化代表着人类对水使用的思考方式发生了真正的转变。本文总结了这一正在进行的转变的组成部分，并展望了正在探索的新途径。它评估了改变做法的主要原因，并讨论了这些新概念在世界不同地区的适用性。
Water resources management approaches around the world are changing dramatically. This "changing water paradigm" has many components, including a shift away from sole, or even primary, reliance on finding new sources of supply to address perceived new demands, a growing emphasis on incorporating ecological values into water policy, a re-emphasis on meeting basic human needs for water services, and a conscious breaking of the ties between economic growth and water use. A reliance on physical solutions continues to dominate traditional planning approaches, but these solutions are facing increasing opposition. At the same time, new methods are being developed to meet the demands of growing populations without requiring major new construction or new large-scale water transfers from one region to another. More and more water suppliers and planning agencies are beginning to explore efficiency improvements, implement options for managing demand and reallocating water among users to reduce projected gaps and meet future needs. The connections between water and food are receiving increasing attention as the concerns of food experts begin to encompass the realities of water availability. These shifts have not come easily; they have met strong internal opposition. They are still not universally accepted and they may not be permanent. Nevertheless, these changes represent a real shift in the way humans think about water use. This paper summarizes the components of this ongoing shift and looks at the new paths being explored. It evaluates the major reasons for the change in approach and discusses the applicability of these new concepts in different parts of the world.