Energy demand for hot water supply for indoor environments: Problems and perspectives
Energy demand for hot water supply for indoor environments: Problems and perspectives
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DOI：
10.1177/1420326x14564285
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发表时间：
2015-02
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Xianting Li;Wei Wu;C. Yu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Xianting Li;Wei Wu;C. Yu
热水供应，包括空间供暖和生活热水（DHW），对于创造室内环境至关重要。热水不仅是冬季空间采暖的最主要来源，而且广泛用于洗浴、洗涤、游泳等，毫不夸张地说，人类生活离不开热水。发达国家建筑能耗占总能耗的30- 40%，发展中国家约占15-25%。1表1概述了发达国家按最终用途分列的能源消耗细目。1.2在住宅领域，空间供暖使用20-50%，生活热水使用10-20%的总建筑能耗。在商业领域，空间供暖占总建筑能耗的15-50%，生活热水占5-10%。与热水有关的能耗比例，在发达国家住宅建筑可达40-60%，商业建筑可达20-60%。对于发展中国家，以中国为代表，供暖和生活热水的能源消耗如图1所示。2.中国与热水供应有关的能源消耗可分为：北方城市地区供暖、中心城市地区供暖和城市生活热水。北方城市采暖能耗由1996年的7200万吨标准煤增加到2008年的1.53亿吨标准煤，翻了一番，占建筑能耗的23%。此外，中心城区采暖能耗占建筑总能耗的2%以上，城市生活垃圾能耗占建筑总能耗的2%以下。因此，与热水供应相关的能源消耗目前约占中国建筑总能耗的27%。年与热水有关的能源消耗
Supply of hot water, including space heating and domestic hot water (DHW), is very important for the creation of indoor environment. Hot water is not only the most important source for space heating in winter, but also widely used for bathing, washing, swimming and so on. It is not exaggerated to say that human being cannot live without hot water. The building energy consumption contributes 30– 40% to the total energy consumption in developed countries, and about 15–25% in developing countries. 1 The energy consumption breakdown by end uses in developed countries is summarized in Table 1. 1,2 In residential sector, space heating uses 20–50% and DHW, 10–20% of the total building energy consumption. In commercial sector, space heating accounts for 15–50% and DHW, 5–10% of the total building energy consumption. The energy consumption ratio related to hot water can reach 40–60% for residential buildings and 20–60% for commercial buildings in developed countries. As for developing countries, using China as a representative, the energy consumption for heating and DHW is shown in Figure 1. 2 The energy consumption related to hot water supply in China can be categorized as: heating in northern urban areas, heating in central urban areas and DHW in urban areas. The energy consumption for heating in northern urban areas was doubled from 72 million ton of standard coal equivalent (Mtce) in 1996 to 153 Mtce in 2008, accounting for 23% of the total building energy consumption. Besides, heating in central urban areas contributes more than 2% and DHW in urban areas contributes slightly less than 2% of the total building energy consumption. As a result, the energy consumption related to hot water supply is currently about 27% of total building energy consumption in China. The energy consumption related to hot water in