Two cross-linguistic factors underlying tongue shapes for vowels.
Two cross-linguistic factors underlying tongue shapes for vowels.
复制标题
元音舌形背后的两个跨语言因素。
DOI：
10.1121/1.414968
复制
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
I. Zlokarnik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Nix;G. Papcun;J. Hogden;I. Zlokarnik
声道参数化的理想特征包括准确性、低维性以及跨说话者和语言的通用性。使用 PARAFAC 三模式因子分析程序可以获得元音舌形的低维、与说话者无关的线性参数化 [Harshman et al., J. Acoust.苏克。是。 62, 693-707 (1977)]。哈什曼等人。将 PARAFAC 应用到来自 5 个英语使用者的正中矢状 X 射线元音数据中，报告称需要两个与说话者无关的因素来准确表示沿着解剖学标准化声道直径网格线测量的舌头形状。随后，由于将 PARAFAC 应用于冰岛元音数据，这种参数化的跨语言通用性受到质疑，其中报告了三个非正交因素 [Jackson，J. Acoust。苏克。是。 84, 124-143 (1988)]。该解被证明是退化的；对杰克逊的冰岛语数据的重新分析产生了两个与哈什曼等人的英语元音因素相匹配的因素，这与杰克逊对英语和冰岛语特定“发音素数”之间的区别相矛盾。为了获得不受人工测量网格线限制的元音因子，将 6 名英语使用者的 X 射线舌形痕迹标记为 13 个等距点。对这种无约束 (x,y) 坐标数据的 PARAFAC 分析得出两个因素，这两个因素可以根据传统元音质量维度前/后、高/低清楚地解释。
Desirable characteristics of a vocal-tract parametrization include accuracy, low dimensionality, and generalizability across speakers and languages. A low-dimensional, speaker-independent linear parametrization of vowel tongue shapes can be obtained using the PARAFAC three-mode factor analysis procedure [Harshman et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 693-707 (1977)]. Harshman et al. applied PARAFAC to midsagittal x-ray vowel data from five English speakers, reporting that two speaker-independent factors are required to accurately represent the tongue shape measured along anatomically normalized vocal-tract diameter grid lines. Subsequently, the cross-linguistic generality of this parametrization was brought into question by the application of PARAFAC to Icelandic vowel data, where three nonorthogonal factors were reported [Jackson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 124-143 (1988)]. This solution is shown to be degenerate; a reanalysis of Jackson's Icelandic data produces two factors that match Harshman et al.'s factors for English vowels, contradicting Jackson's distinction between English and Icelandic language-specific "articulatory primes". To obtain vowel factors not constrained by artificial measurement grid lines, x-ray tongue shape traces of six English speakers were marked with 13 equally spaced points. PARAFAC analysis of this unconstrained (x,y) coordinate data results in two factors that are clearly interpretable in terms of the traditional vowel quality dimensions front/back, high/low.