BRIEF, NONINJURIOUS ELECTRIC WAVEFORM FOR STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN
BRIEF, NONINJURIOUS ELECTRIC WAVEFORM FOR STIMULATION OF THE BRAIN
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DOI：
10.1126/science.121.3144.468
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发表时间：
1955-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
GALKIN, TW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LILLY, JC;HUGHES, JR;GALKIN, TW
在神经生理学（1）、心理学（2）和精神病学（3）领域，对动物和人类的未麻醉大脑进行长期电刺激变得越来越重要。尽管有迹象表明单向脉冲是有害的（4），但它们在上述领域的应用是相当广泛的。为了获得可重复的结果，必须避免电流通过对神经细胞的损伤（5）。“我们发现，一种类型的刺激波形不会损伤大脑。通过单向脉冲产生损伤的过程与用小直流电产生损伤的过程明显相似。产生这种损伤的可能机制是那些涉及带电粒子（离子、酶、蛋白质等）的离子电流从它们在神经元内和周围的关键位置移位的机制。可以推测，这些位移和细胞的破坏可以通过使用足够短的电流来避免，这些电流首先在一个方向上通过大量的电流，然后在短时间内在另一个方向上通过等量的电流。相反，任何在一个方向上具有额外的小净流量的交替波形都可能导致净流量，从而造成伤害。如果这样的”零净流量”波形足够短，则简单的金属不可逆电极使电流通过组织而不会使波形失真，并且另外使刺激伪影最小化。
Long-term electric stimulation of the unanesthetized brain in animals and in man is becoming incireas-ingly important in the fields of neurophysiology (1), psychology (2), and psychiatry (3). Despite indica-tions that unidirectional pulses are injurious (4) their use in the afore-mentioned fields is quite extensive. In order to obtain reproducible results, injury to nerve cells by the passage of curreInt miust be avoided (5).'We have fouind that one type of stiimulating-wvaveform does niot injure the brainl.The processes that produce lesions by the passage of unidirectional pulses are appareintly similar to those that produce lesions with small direct currents (6). The probable mechaniismils of produetion of such lesions are those invoolving thedisplacement by the ionic cUltrrent of charged particles (ions, enzymes, proteins, anid so forth) from their key positions within and around the neurons. Presumnably these displacements and the subsequenit cellular destruction can be avoided by using sufficiently brief currents which pass ain aImount of electricity first in one direction and then an equal amouint in the other within a short timiie. Conversely, any alterinating waveform that has an additional small net flow in one direction will presumably cause net displaceimients and hence injury. If such a" zero net flow" waveform is brief enough, simiiple metallic nonreversible electrodes pass the current through the tissue without distortion of the waveform, and in addition the stimuulus artifact is minimized.