Air Pollution as a Cause of Violent Crime: Evidence from Los Angeles and Chicago
Air Pollution as a Cause of Violent Crime: Evidence from Los Angeles and Chicago
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空气污染是暴力犯罪的一个原因：来自洛杉矶和芝加哥的证据
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Heyes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Evan M. Herrnstadt;A. Heyes
暴露于空气污染对人类健康、工作场所生产力以及教育和认知表现产生不利影响。然而，将污染暴露与高风险决策联系起来的经验证据有限。受医学和心理学研究的启发，将污染与侵略联系起来，我们首次提供了环境污染短期变化与暴力犯罪之间因果关系的证据。使用犯罪地点和风向作为污染变化的来源，我们发现空气污染增加了芝加哥（2.2%）和洛杉矶都会区（6.1%）的暴力犯罪。与有关攻击性和环境污染的文献一致，我们发现对财产犯罪没有影响。结果是强大的各种规格和伪造测试。粗略的计算表明，污染引起的犯罪的成本与文献中研究的其他结果在数量上是相当的，应列入污染减轻政策的效益-成本分析。总的来说，研究结果表明，污染可能会通过比以前理解的更广泛的渠道减少福利并影响行为和决策。我们感谢William格林、Pierre Brochu、Sophie Bernard、Doug米勒、所罗门、Aureo de Paula、Michael Greenstone、Rema Hanna、保利纳奥利瓦以及蒙特利尔大学、麦吉尔大学、未来资源、加州大学伯克利分校、加州大学欧文分校、加州大学戴维斯分校的研讨会参与者，2016年6月在布雷肯里奇举行的夏季AERE会议和2016年3月在布赖顿举行的皇家经济学会大会，以征求宝贵意见。Heyes感谢加拿大研究主席计划的资助。Herrnstadt承认来自未来资源的资金。Heyes也是苏塞克斯大学的兼职经济学教授。错误是我们的。[2] Herrnstadt：哈佛大学环境中心，eherrnstadt@fas.harvard.edu。渥太华大学经济系。Muehlegger：加州大学戴维斯分校和NBER经济系; Saberian：渥太华大学经济系。
Exposure to air pollution has adverse impacts on human health, workplace productivity, and educational and cognitive performance. However, empirical evidence linking pollution exposure to high-stakes decisionmaking is limited. Motivated by research from medicine and psychology linking pollution to aggression, we provide the first evidence of a causal link between short-run variation in ambient pollution and the commission of violent crime. Using the location of crimes and wind direction as a source of pollution variation, we find that air pollution increases violent crime in both Chicago (by 2.2%) and the Los Angeles metro area (by 6.1%). Consistent with the literature on aggression and ambient pollution, we find no effect on property crime. The results are robust to a wide variety of specifications and falsification tests. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that the cost of pollution-induced crime is comparable in magnitude to other outcomes studied in the literature and should be included in benefit-cost analysis of pollution abatement policies. Overall, the results suggest that pollution may reduce welfare and affect behavior and decisionmaking through an even wider set of channels than previously understood. ∗We thank William Greene, Pierre Brochu, Sophie Bernard, Doug Miller, Solomon Hsiang, Aureo de Paula, Michael Greenstone, Rema Hanna, Paulina Oliva and seminar participants at University of Montreal, McGill University, Resources for the Future, UC-Berkeley, UC-Irvine, UC-Davis, the June 2016 Summer AERE meetings in Breckenridge and the March 2016 Congress of the Royal Economic Society in Brighton for valuable comments. Heyes acknowledges funding from the Canada Research Chair programme. Herrnstadt acknowledges funding from Resources for the Future. Heyes is also part-time Professor of Economics at the University of Sussex. Errors are ours. †Herrnstadt: Center for the Environment, Harvard University, eherrnstadt@fas.harvard.edu. Heyes: Department of Economics, University of Ottawa. Muehlegger: Department of Economics, University of California-Davis and NBER; Saberian: Department of Economics, University of Ottawa.
DOI：
10.1001/jama.1996.03530460029020
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
JAMA
影响因子：
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作者：
H. Sachs
通讯作者：
H. Sachs
臭氧暴露会改变发育中肺部的血清素和血清素受体表达。
DOI：
10.1093/toxsci/kft090
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology
影响因子：
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作者：
Murphy,ShannonR;Schelegle,EdwardS;Miller,LisaA;Hyde,DallasM;VanWinkle,LauraS
通讯作者：
VanWinkle,LauraS