Memory for what, where, and when in the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
Memory for what, where, and when in the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-009-0236-x
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发表时间：
2009-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Sherry, David F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Feeney, Miranda C.;Roberts, William A.;Sherry, David F.
情景记忆是记忆个人经历的过去事件的能力（Tulving在记忆组织中。北京：北京大学出版社，2000年381-403，1972）。在非人类动物中，类似于情节的记忆的行为标准是记住“什么”连同“何时”和“何地”一起发生（克莱顿和狄金森，Nature 395：272-274，1998）。我们对一种储存食物的鸟--黑顶山雀（Poecile atricapillus）进行了“什么、在哪里、什么时候”的记忆测试。在实验1中，山雀发现向日葵籽和黄粉虫在隐藏的网站在他们的家笼。鸟类后来重新访问这些网站后，无论是短（3小时）或长（123小时）的保留间隔。山雀通常喜欢粉虫，但在长时间的保留间隔粉虫的味道和外观退化。实验2遵循类似的程序，除了山雀在室内鸟舍的树上寻找隐藏的向日葵籽和粉虫。这些更自然的条件增加了任务的空间规模和寻找食物所需的努力。在这个实验中，鸟类展示了“什么-在哪里-什么时候”记忆的所有三个组成部分。与之前的一些关于类似情节记忆的研究不同，鸟类的行为不能用对最近事件的不同记忆强度来解释。研究结果表明，在乌鸦科以外的储存食物的鸟类中，对什么、在哪里、什么时候发生的记忆，不需要食物的储存或提取，而且记住“什么时候”取决于任务的性质。
Episodic memory is the ability to remember personally experienced past events (Tulving in Organization of memory. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 381-403, 1972). In non-human animals, the behavioural criterion for episodic-like memory is remembering "what" occurred in conjunction with "when" and "where" (Clayton and Dickinson in Nature 395:272-274, 1998). We conducted tests for "what, where, and when" memory in a food-storing bird, the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). In Experiment 1, chickadees found sunflower seeds and mealworms in concealed sites in their home cage. Birds later re-visited these sites after either a short (3 h) or long (123 h) retention interval. Chickadees normally prefer mealworms, but at the long retention interval mealworms were degraded in taste and appearance. Chickadees showed some memory for what kind of food they had encountered and where, but no memory for when food had previously been found. Experiment 2 followed a similar procedure, except that chickadees searched for hidden sunflower seeds and mealworms in trees in an indoor aviary. These more natural conditions increased both the spatial scale of the task and the effort required to find food. In this experiment, birds showed evidence for all three components of what-where-when memory. Unlike some previous studies of episodic-like memory, birds' behaviour cannot be accounted for by differential memory strength for more recent events. The results show that memory for what, where, and when occurs in food-storing birds outside the corvid family, does not require food caching or retrieval, and that remembering "when" can depend on the nature of the task.