Standards for the assessment of salivary glands - an update.
Standards for the assessment of salivary glands - an update.
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DOI：
10.15557/jou.2016.0019
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发表时间：
2016-06
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Ochal-Choińska A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zajkowski P;Ochal-Choińska A
这篇论文是2011年唾液腺超声评估标准的更新，该标准由波兰超声学会制定。我们描述了当前的超声技术要求、评估和测量技术以及超声描述指南。我们还讨论了正常唾液腺的超声图像以及最重要的病理，如炎症、唾液淤积、胶原化、损伤和增殖过程，特别强调了表明高恶性风险的病变。在急性细菌性炎症中，唾液腺表现为低回声、增大或正常大小，实质血流增加。病毒感染时回声明显增强。慢性炎症中可见退行性病变。结石内可见声学阴影的高回声沉积。实质纤维化是涎腺病的主要特征。Sjögren综合征在疾病的不同阶段产生不同的唾液腺实质损害的图像。多形性腺瘤通常为低回声，边界清楚，多数为多环状。沃辛瘤通常表现为低回声的椭圆形病变，伴有无回声的囊性间隙。恶性肿瘤的特征是轮廓模糊，形状不规则，通常呈不均匀回声和病理性新生血管。伴发的转移灶是恶性肿瘤的另一个指标，然而，最终诊断应基于活检结果。
The paper is an update of 2011 Standards for Ultrasound Assessment of Salivary Glands, which were developed by the Polish Ultrasound Society. We have described current ultrasound technical requirements, assessment and measurement techniques as well as guidelines for ultrasound description. We have also discussed an ultrasound image of normal salivary glands as well as the most important pathologies, such as inflammation, sialosis, collagenosis, injuries and proliferative processes, with particular emphasis on lesions indicating high risk of malignancy. In acute bacterial inflammation, the salivary glands appear as hypoechoic, enlarged or normal-sized, with increased parenchymal flow. The echogenicity is significantly increased in viral infections. Degenerative lesions may be seen in chronic inflammations. Hyperechoic deposits with acoustic shadowing can be visualized in lithiasis. Parenchymal fibrosis is a dominant feature of sialosis. Sjögren syndrome produces different pictures of salivary gland parenchymal lesions at different stages of the disease. Pleomorphic adenomas are usually hypoechoic, well-defined and polycyclic in most cases. Warthin tumor usually presents as a hypoechoic, oval-shaped lesion with anechoic cystic spaces. Malignancies are characterized by blurred outlines, irregular shape, usually heterogeneous echogenicity and pathological neovascularization. The accompanying metastatic lesions are another indicator of malignancy, however, final diagnosis should be based on biopsy findings.