Sociolinguistics in Scotland
Sociolinguistics in Scotland
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苏格兰的社会语言学
DOI：
10.1057/9781137034717_4
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lawson E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lawson E
社会语言学越来越关注说话者如何利用细微的语音变化来构建和索引社会身份（Hay和Drager 2007）。到目前为止，大多数社会语音学的辅音工作已经利用声学分析，揭示意想不到的微妙变化，但社会索引（如多赫蒂和福克斯1999）。然而，语音产生的某些方面即使使用细粒度的声学分析也不容易恢复。新的发音分析技术，如超声舌成像（UTI），使研究人员能够进一步推动边界，识别语音发音的看似隐蔽的方面，这些方面的模式与索引因素具有显着的一致性。其中一个例子是苏格兰中部的postvocalic/r/variation。虽然苏格兰英语通常被认为是英语的一种卷舌音变体，但近几十年来，社会语言学研究发现，苏格兰中部低地的某些社会经济群体的卷舌音减弱。在苏格兰这个人口最多的地理区域，社会索引的旋度模式让人想起Labov在20世纪60年代的纽约研究中发现的那些模式（Labov 1966），即元音后的/r/似乎是社会经济地位最一致的标志之一。在Labov的纽约研究中，不容易被识别为/r/或r/的变体没有被包括在最终分析中，但在苏格兰中部，一个更梯度的旋度图像正在出现。整体而言，说话者仍然是有卷舌音的;这是卷舌音强度的程度，而不是元音后/r/的存在或不存在，这表明了一个特定的社会经济地位。苏格兰英语中的卷舌音的社会分层似乎是缓慢移动的本地声音变化的结果，而不是与非卷舌音变体英语的使用者接触的结果（参见Romaine 1978; Speitel和约翰斯顿1983）。语音和音系上不确定的卷舌音变体具有社会意义，这一事实增加了对苏格兰卷舌音的社会分层进行基于听觉和声学的分析的难度（Stuart-Smith
Increasing attention is being paid in sociolinguistics to how fine phonetic variation is exploited by speakers to construct and index social identity (Hay and Drager 2007). To date, most sociophonetic work on consonants has made use of acoustic analysis to reveal unexpectedly subtle variation which is nonetheless socially indexical (eg Docherty and Foulkes 1999). However, some aspects of speech production are not readily recoverable even with a fine-grained acoustic analysis. New articulatory analysis techniques, such as ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), allow researchers to push the boundaries further, identifying seemingly covert aspects of speech articulation which pattern with indexical factors with remarkable consistency. One such case is postvocalic/r/variation in Central Scotland. Although Scottish English is usually characterised as a rhotic variety of English, in recent decades sociolinguistic research has identified a weakening of rhoticity among certain socio-economic groups in lowland Central Scotland. Social-indexical patterns of rhoticity in this most populous geographical area of Scotland are reminiscent of those found by Labov in his 1960s New York study (Labov 1966) in that postvocalic/r/seems to be one of the most consistent markers of socio-economic status. In Labov’s New York study, variants which were not easily identified as either/r/or Ø were not included in the final analysis, but in Central Scotland, a more gradient picture of rhoticity is emerging. Speakers are still, on the whole, rhotic; it is the degree of strength of rhoticity, rather than presence or absence of postvocalic/r/that is indicative of a particular socio-economic status. This social stratification of rhoticity in Scottish English seems to be the result of a slow-moving, local sound change, rather than resulting from contact with speakers of non-rhotic varieties of English (see Romaine 1978; Speitel and Johnston 1983). The fact that phonetically and phonologically indeterminate rhotic variants have social significance increases the difficulty of auditory and acousticbased analyses of the social stratification of Scottish rhoticity (Stuart-Smith