Managing risks from pests in global commodity networks – policy perspectives
Managing risks from pests in global commodity networks – policy perspectives
复制标题
管理全球商品网络中有害生物的风险——政策视角
作者：
J. Flood;R. Day
全球高达80%的商品生产来自0.5公顷以下的小农场。然而，商品作物可能在一个国家的出口中占很大比例，并进入全球供应网络。因此，虫害风险在地方、国家和全球各级都有影响。我们考虑了全球商品网络中的三类风险：将害虫引入新的地区，已确定的害虫的激增和管理工作引起的风险。在每个类别中，我们提供案例研究和例子，并考虑政策选择。旅行、贸易和运输的增加了传入的风险。为防止引进，需要有针对具体商品的生物安全计划，包括分析具体风险（虫害传播途径）和准备应急措施。区域和国际合作至关重要。作物管理、新菌株的进化和环境变化都可能引起激增。国家系统必须能够迅速发现问题并加以解决。需要进行监测和诊断能力建设，并制定和传播虫害综合管理方法。对农业部门的研究和推广进行投资至关重要。考虑了与管理工作有关的风险，特别是来自农用化学品的风险。发达国家对食品安全和环境破坏的关切可能会限制虫害管理。不遵守规定会导致市场和买方信心的丧失。需要制定有利于低风险虫害管理方法的政策，但往往缺乏这种政策。
Up to 80 % of global commodity production comes from smallholdings of less than 0.5 ha. Yet commodity crops may be a substantial proportion of a country’s exports, and feed into global supply networks. Pest risks thus have consequences at local, national and global levels. We consider three categories of risk in global commodity networks: introduction of pests to new areas, upsurges of established pests and the risks arising from management efforts. In each category we provide case studies and examples, and consider policy options. Increased travel, trade and transport increase the risks of introduction. Commodity specific biosecurity plans are required for preventing introductions, including analysis of the specific risks (pest pathways) and preparation of emergency responses. Regional and international cooperation is essential. Upsurges can be caused by crop management, evolution of new strains, and environment change. National systems must be responsive to detect problems and address them quickly. Capacity building for surveillance and diagnostics, and the development and dissemination of integrated pest management methods are needed. Investment in research and extension for the agricultural sector is vital. Risks linked with management efforts, specifically, the risk from agrochemicals are considered. Concerns in developed countries over food safety and environmental damage can place constraints on pest management. Failure to comply leads to loss of markets and buyer confidence. Policies that favour lower-risk pest management methods are needed, but are often lacking.