Siting and Exposure of Meteorological Instruments at Urban Sites
Siting and Exposure of Meteorological Instruments at Urban Sites
复制标题
城市站点气象仪器的选址和暴露
DOI：
10.1007/978-0-387-68854-1_66
复制
发表时间：
2007
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
T. Oke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Oke
城市地区对气象数据的需求日益增长，以支持空气污染研究和管理，但测量带来了巨大的挑战。由于建筑物和树木阻碍空气流动和辐射交换、不自然的地表覆盖以及人类活动产生的废热和水蒸气，大多数密集开发的地点不可能符合世界气象组织关于选址和仪器暴露的标准准则(世界气象组织，1996年)。协助完成这项任务的新准则(OKE，2004)构成了本文件第一部分的基础。这里的重点是那些在空气污染应用中最有用的变量。尽管城市的异质性可以获得有效和可重复的结果，但它需要仔细关注特定于城市地区的原则和概念。指导方针必须明智而灵活地应用，僵化的“规则”几乎没有什么用处。有必要考虑在非标准高度的非标准表面上进行曝光，将观测分散在一个以上的位置，或者比世界气象组织建议的正常做法更接近建筑物或人为热量和蒸汽源。
There is a growing need for meteorological data in urban areas in support of air pollution research and management, but measurement poses substantial challenges. Most densely-developed sites make it impossible to conform to the standard WMO Guidelines for site selection and instrument exposure (WMO, 1996) due to obstruction of airflow and radiation exchange by buildings and trees, unnatural surface cover and waste heat and water vapour from human activities. New guidelines (Oke, 2004) to assist in this task form the basis of the first part of this paper. Here emphasis is on those variables of greatest use in air pollution applications. Valid and repeatable results can be obtained despite the heterogeneity of cities, but it requires careful attention to principles and concepts specific to urban areas. Guidelines must be applied intelligently and flexibly, rigid ‘rules’ have little utility. It is necessary to consider exposures over non-standard surfaces at non-standard heights, splitting observations between more than one location, or being closer to buildings or anthropogenic heat and vapour sources than is normal WMO recommended practice.