The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution.
The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution.
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如何以及为什么：因果归因的一些决定因素和后果。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1972
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. A. McArthur
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. A. McArthur
对凯利的归因理论进行了研究。受试者填写了一份调查问卷，报告了表面上由其他人做出的16种不同的回答。这些反应代表了四个动词类别--情绪、成就、意见和行动--对于实验对象来说，每个反应都伴随着高或低的共识信息，高或低的区别性信息，以及高或低的一致性信息。对照受试者没有被给予任何关于反应的信息。所有受试者都被要求将每个反应归因于人的特征(即演员)、刺激、环境或这三个因素的某种组合。此外，还测量了受试者对演员对未来反应和刺激泛化的期望。三个信息变量和动词类别对因果归因和行为概括期望均有显着影响。确定事件的原因赋予它“意义”，因为因果知识具有关于事件的广泛内涵，并使一个或多或少稳定、可预测和可控的世界成为可能。一个人从他的环境中期望什么以及他做了什么来影响环境，无疑将取决于他对因果关系的信念。因此，寻找人类行为原因的心理学家可以很好地考虑人类对因果关系的信念。这是归因理论的焦点，它代表了一种试图确定一些人的因果信念的前因和结果的尝试。更具体地说，它涉及个体将原因赋予他做出或观察到的各种反应的过程，以及他由此产生的关于因果关系的信念的后果。而这篇文章是基于1970年提交给耶鲁大学心理学系的一篇论文，该论文部分满足了博士学位的要求。作者对罗伯特·P·阿贝尔森作为论文导师所给予的持续指导和帮助表示感谢。此外，感谢曾在论文委员会任职的肯尼斯·肯尼斯顿和理查德·E·尼斯贝特，以及在读者委员会任职的温德尔·加纳和大卫·哈米尔顿。2重印的请求应该发送给Leslie A。没有单一的归因理论，目前的几种概念化都源于知觉现象。Brunswk(1952)将知觉过程设想为包含两个端点的弧线--所代表的实体或远端刺激和局部代表或近端刺激。而近端刺激…
Kelley's attribution theory is investigated. Subjects filled out a questionnaire that reported 16 different responses ostensibly made by other people. These responses represented four verb categories—emotions, accomplishments, opinions, and actions—and, for experimental subjects, each was accompanied by high or low consensus information, high or low distinctiveness information, and high or low consistency information. Control subjects were not given any information regarding the response. All subjects were asked to attribute each response to characteristics of the person (i.e., the actor), the stimulus, the circumstances , or to some combination of these three factors. In addition, the sub-jects' expectancies for future response and stimulus generalization on the part of the actor were measured. The three information variables and verb category each had a significant effect on causal attribution and on expectancy for behavioral generalization. Identifying the cause of an event gives it "meaning," since causal knowledge carries with it a wide scope of connotations regarding an event and makes possible a more or less stable, predictable, and controllable world. What an individual expects from his environment and what he does to influence it will undoubtedly depend on his beliefs about causality. Hence, the psychologist who searches for the causes of man's behavior may do well to consider man's belief about causality. This is the focus of attribution theory, which represents an attempt to determine the antecedents and consequences of some of man's causal beliefs. More specifically, it concerns the processes through which an individual assigns causes to various responses he makes or observes and the consequences of his resulting beliefs about causality. While 1 This article is based on a dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology of Yale University in 1970 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree. The author would like to express appreciation to Robert P. Abelson for continued guidance and assistance as dissertation advisor. In addition, the assistance of Kenneth Keniston and Richard E. Nisbett, who served on the dissertation committee, and Wendell Garner and David Hamil-ton, who served on the readers committee, is gratefully acknowledged. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Leslie A. there is no monolithic theory of attribution, several of the current conceptualizations have their roots in perceptual phenomena. Brunswik (1952) conceived of the perceptual process as an arc encompassing two end points—the entity represented or the distal stimulus and the local representation or the proximal stimulus. While proximal stimuli …