Heterosis: Feeding People and Protecting Natural Resources
Heterosis: Feeding People and Protecting Natural Resources
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DOI：
10.2134/1999.geneticsandexploitation.c3
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发表时间：
2015-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Duvick
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Duvick
杂种优势，或杂种优势，通常是指后代相对于亲本的体型或生长速度的增加；例如，农作物的杂种活力可以通过谷物产量的增加或开花天数的减少来观察。过去 75 年来，植物杂种优势已被大规模利用，作为精心挑选和繁殖的杂交品种。玉米、高粱和向日葵等大田作物在所有工业化国家都是以杂交方式生产的；在发展中国家，它们也以杂交品种种植，数量也不断增加。杂交水稻在中国广泛种植，并且在印度也越来越多地种植（Virmani，1994）。许多商业蔬菜和花卉作物几乎完全是杂交种植的。杂种优势被认为可以大幅增加单位面积的产量，从而节省大量土地用于其他用途，例如环境友好的自然保护区。对历史记录的审查表明，杂种优势的主要礼物是它激发了对杂交作物的整个育种和使用系统的兴趣，而不是简单地利用杂交优势本身。杂交种子的开发和使用可以以不同于且不一定依赖于杂种优势本身的方式提高作物产量和性能。本文将研究利用杂种优势来开发一些主要大田作物的杂种优势的历史记录，讨论杂种优势和杂种优势的当前使用，并尝试预测未来如何利用杂种优势和杂种优势。本分析的目的是展示杂交和杂种优势如何帮助为新兴人口提供食物，并帮助改善全球粮食生产系统的环境健康。
Hybrid vigor, or heterosis, usually refers to the increase in size or rate of growth of offspring over parents; for example, hybrid vigor in crop plants can be observed as in increase in yield of grain, or reduction in number of days to flower. Heterosis in plants has been utilized on large scale for the past 75 years, as carefully selected and reproduced hybrid cultivars. Field crops such as maize, sorghum and sunflower are produced as hybrids in all of the industrialized world; they also are grown as hybrids in increasing amounts in the developing world. Hybrid rice is grown extensively in China, and increasingly in India (Virmani, 1994). Many commercial vegetable and flower crops are grown almost entirely as hybrids. Heterosis is credited for large increases in production per unit area, thus sparing large amounts of land for other uses such as environmentally benign nature preserves. Examination of the historical record suggests that the major gift of heterosis was its stimulation of interest in the entire system of breeding and use of hybrid crops, rather than a simple exploitation of hybrid vigor per se. Development and use of hybrid seeds can enhance crop yields and performance in ways that are different from and not necessarily dependent on heterosis by itself. This essay will examine the historical record on utilization of hybrids to exploit heterosis in some of the major field crops, discuss the present use of heterosis and hybrids, and attempt to predict how heterosis and hybrids may be used in the future. The purpose of this analysis will be to show how hybrids and heterosis can help to supply food for burgeoning populations and also help to improve environmental health of the global food production system.