The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict
The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict
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克什米尔冲突的历史根源
DOI：
10.1080/10576109208435908
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发表时间：
1992
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Mohan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Mohan
就在不久前，人们还普遍认为，克什米尔这个棘手问题的唯一解决办法在于它日益陈旧。二十多年来，在国际论坛上对这一问题进行的广泛讨论没有产生任何解决办法，因为印度和巴基斯坦相互竞争的主张所依据的原则是相互矛盾的，即似是而非。巴基斯坦说，克什米尔人民应该有权根据《联合国宪章》第一条第二款行使自决权。印度声称，巴基斯坦支持克什米尔的事业，使用武力侵犯印度的领土完整，这违反了《宪章》第一条第四款。巴基斯坦辩称，根据联合国印度和巴基斯坦委员会1948年8月13日和1949年1月5日通过的决议的条款，印度必须举行全民公决，以确定克什米尔人民的意愿。印度坚持认为，作为举行公民投票的先决条件，这些决议要求巴基斯坦军队撤出印度领土，并终止巴基斯坦对印度领土的非法占领。巴基斯坦辩称，由于克什米尔人中的大多数是穆斯林，他们自然属于像巴基斯坦这样的伊斯兰国家。印度反驳说，数百万穆斯林自由地选择居住在其世俗社会中，作为其世俗社会不可分割的一部分，600万克什米尔人也非常满足于这样做，直到巴基斯坦煽动叛乱。这些喋喋不休的决斗随着印度和巴基斯坦之间的第三次血腥冲突而结束，这场冲突随着1972年西姆拉协议的达成而终止。它要求两国通过相互协商和谈判解决包括克什米尔在内的所有分歧和争端。当时政治专家普遍认为，唯一可能和现实的解决方案是克什米尔被印度和巴基斯坦实际分割，停火线成为两国之间的国际边界。这种轻而易举的乐观情绪被伊斯兰世界原教旨主义的迅速崛起粗暴地粉碎了；苏联和美国在阿富汗问题上爆发冲突，其中一个不幸的后果是
Not so long ago, it was widely believed that the only solution to the intractable problem of Kashmir lay in its growing obsolescence. The extensive discussion of the problem in international fora during a period of over two decades produced no solution, owing to the fact that the competing claims of India and Pakistan rest on contrary principles of equal plausibility. Pakistan says the Kashmiri people should have the right to selfdetermination on the basis of article 1 (2) of the United Nations Charter. India asserts that Pakistan's espousal of Kashmir's cause by the use of armed force against the territorial integrity of India is in contravention of article 1 (4) of the charter. Pakistan argues that India is required, by the terms of the resolutions of Aug. 13, 1948, and Jan. 5, 1949, adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, to hold a plebiscite to ascertain the wishes of the Kashmiri people. India maintains that those resolutions call for the withdrawal of Pakistani forces from, and the termination of, Pakistan's illegal occupation of, Indian territory as a precondition for the holding of a plebiscite. Pakistan contends that, since the majority of the Kashmiri people is Muslim, they naturally belong with an Islamic state like Pakistan. India counters that several million Muslims have freely chosen to dwell as an integral part of its secular society, and 6 million Kashmiris were also quite content to do so until Pakistan instigated rebellion.These wordy duels came to an end with the third bloody conflict between India and Pakistan, which was terminated with the conclusion of the Simla Agreement of 1972. It enjoined both countries to resolve all their differences and disputes, including Kashmir, through mutual consultation and negotiation. The consensus that prevailed among political pundits at the time was that the only possible and realistic solution in sight was the de facto division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the ceasefire line becoming the international boundary between the two countries. That facile optimism was rudely shattered by the rapid rise of fundamentalism in the Islamic world; the outbreak of the Soviet-American conflict over Afghanistan, one unfortunate consequence of which was