Geographies of marketization
Geographies of marketization
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市场化的地域
DOI：
10.1002/9781118384497.ch12
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
M. Boeckler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Berndt;M. Boeckler
市场无处不在。虽然市场交换已经存在了数千年，但市场社会直到二十世纪末新自由主义市场导向的时代才完全存在。市场社会与其他稳定和整合经济生活的方式——礼物赠送、生存、社会主义、亲属关系经济和其他形式的制度化再分配或互惠——的区别不仅在于分配是通过市场交换构建的，而且还在于社会被认为是不受监管的市场的附录（Polanyi 1944（2001）：59ff）。至关重要的是，作为人类行为的一种特定形式，市场交换所伴随的非个人理性和计算性（Weber 1922（1988））引发了整个社会的根本性转变。市场涉及匿名化、社会联系的切断以及理性、计算和高效的后社会协调。我们将这种经济化方式称为“市场化”（Caliskan and Callon 2010：2）。 “市场化地理学”为市场秩序的出现及其持续扩张提供了新的视角，认为全球时代是由市场配置或“市场社会技术机构”控制的，其中市场装置和经济学家——学院派经济学家、商业专家和“野外经济学家”——在塑造、设计和格式化市场化过程中发挥着重要作用。事实上，市场化可以被解读为激进的转化过程，它确保经济和社会现实与经济模型的实验室条件保持一致——从而使新古典经济学的激进计划得以实现（Callon、Millo 和 Muniesa 2007；MacKenzie、Muniesa 和 Siu 2007）。这种“我们生活在其中的资本主义发展的极端阶段”（Agamben 2009：15）伴随着“设备的大量积累和扩散”，市场设备抑制了我们共享的混合集体并引导分布式行动和认知的复杂算法。因此，市场化的地域
Markets are everywhere. While market exchange has existed for millenia, market society came into full existence only at the end of the twentieth century, in an era of neoliberal market orientation. What differentiates market societies from other ways of stabilizing and integrating economic life–gift giving, subsistence, socialist, kinship-based economies and other forms of institutionalized redistribution or reciprocity–is not only that distribution is structured through market exchange but that the social is thought of as an appendix of an unregulated market (Polanyi 1944 (2001): 59ff). Crucially, the impersonal rationality and calculativity accompanying market exchange as a specific form of human action (Weber 1922 (1988)) triggers fundamental transformations of the social in general. Markets involve anonymization, the cutting of social ties, and rational, calculative, and efficient post-social coordination. We refer to this modality of economization as “marketization”(Caliskan and Callon 2010: 2). Offering new perspectives towards the emergence of market orders and their continuous expansion,“geographies of marketization” consider the global age as governed by a market dispositif or a “market socio-technical agencement” where market devices and economists–academic economists, business experts, and “economists in the wild”–play a fundamental part in shaping, designing, and formatting marketization. Indeed, marketization can be read as radical translation processes, which ensure that economic and social realities are brought into line with the laboratory conditions of economic modeling–allowing the radical project of neoclassical economics to realize itself (Callon, Millo, and Muniesa 2007; MacKenzie, Muniesa, and Siu 2007). This “extreme phase of capitalist development in which we live”(Agamben 2009: 15) is accompanied by “a massive accumulation and proliferation of apparatuses,” of market devices inhibiting our shared hybrid collectif and steering complicated algorithms of distributed action and cognition. Accordingly, geographies of marketization