Some conditions for the occurrence of the bizarreness effect in free recall
Some conditions for the occurrence of the bizarreness effect in free recall
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自由回忆中奇异效应发生的一些条件
DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1985.tb01966.x
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
A. Cavedon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Baldi;R. Beni;C. Cornoldi;A. Cavedon
现有的关于词汇学习中怪诞效应的文献主要集中在一个共同的假设上，即怪诞的图像比普通的更容易回忆起来。然而，在这样做的过程中，研究人员获得的负面结果多于积极结果。此外，在为数不多的发现这种效应的研究中，有三项使用了相同的程序和相同的材料，其中通过用人代替动物来实现主体和客体之间的奇怪关系，反之亦然。有人观察到，如果按照扭曲典型关系的相同原则构建无生命句子，仍然可以观察到明显的怪诞效应(例1)。当对原始程序的某些方面进行处理时，例如从清单中删除补语句(例句2)或抽象句(例句3)，这种效果仍然存在，尽管形式较温和。这似乎表明，传统观点认为，奇怪的图像使记忆任务变得更容易，这一观点至少在一定程度上是正确的。然而，如果使用Merry&Graham(1978)和其他人使用的程序来处理语义不可预测的句子，奇怪效应就会减弱，即使是正常的句子有时也会得到更高的分数(实验4)。总体而言，这些结果表明，奇怪的句子在记住的名词数量上更有可能导致更好的回忆，而在记住完整句子的数量上则相反。这与以下观点是一致的，即单元化有助于召回正常句子。在成人受试者身上进行的这四个实验证明了奇异性效应的普遍性以及一些影响它的因素。
Existing literature on bizarreness effects in verbal learning mainly focuses on the common assumption that bizarre images are easier to recall than common ones. In so doing, however, researchers have obtained more negative than positive results. Further, among the few investigations that found this effect three used the same procedure and the same material in which a bizarre relationship between subject and object was achieved by substituting human beings for animals and vice versa. It was observed that a clear bizarreness effect may still be observed if inanimate sentences are constructed in accordance with the same principle of distorting typical relations (Expt 1). This effect remains, albeit in a milder form, when aspects of the original procedure are manipulated, such as eliminating complementary sentences (Expt 2) or abstract sentences (Expt 3) from the lists. This seems to demonstrate that the traditional opinion that bizarre images make the mnemonic task easier is, at least in part, true. Nevertheless, if one uses the procedure used by Merry & Graham (1978) and others with semantically unpredictable sentences, the bizarreness effect was attenuated and even normal sentences sometimes achieved higher scores (Expt 4). In general, these results reveal that bizarre sentences are more likely to result in better recall as regards number of nouns remembered, whereas the opposite is true as regards number of complete sentences remembered. This is consistent with the view that recall of normal sentences is facilitated by the unitization. These four experiments carried out with adult subjects demonstrate the generality of the bizarreness effect and some of the factors which contribute to it.