Quantification of historical livestock importation into New Zealand 1860-1979
Quantification of historical livestock importation into New Zealand 1860-1979
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DOI：
10.1080/00480169.2014.914861
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发表时间：
2014-11-02
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
French, N. P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Binney, B. M.;Biggs, P. J.;French, N. P.
目的：量化 1860 年至 1979 年间进口到新西兰的活牛、羊和家禽数量，以及可能的原产国。方法：根据新西兰登记总署、政府统计员办公室、人口普查和统计办公室编制的年度报告，收集 1868 年至 1979 年期间新西兰进口活牛、羊和家禽的原产地和数量信息。政府统计处、海关署及统计署。 1851年至1871年的人口普查数据也被用来估计这一时期的牲畜数量。确定了十年间进口动物的数量和每个物种的平均数量，并确定了主要原产国。 结果：1860年代进口了大量牛（53,384头）和羊（604,525头），随后进口量显着减少。 1880 年至 1939 年间，进口活家禽数量相对较少（20,701 只），而 1960 年至 1979 年间，进口了 1,564,330 只活家禽。1868 年至 1959 年间，澳大利亚是绵羊的主要原产国（51,347/60,918；84.3%），1868 年至 1979 年间，澳大利亚是牛的主要原产国。 1979 年（10,080/15,157；66.5%）。同期从英国进口的绵羊只有 6,712 头（11.0%），牛为 3,909 头（25.8%），从其他国家进口的数量更少。结论：整理的数据和历史报告显示，从 1860 年到 1979 年，澳大利亚一直是新西兰牲畜引进的主要来源地。进口模式表明，1860年代最初进口了大量牛羊，可能是为了应对农业的快速扩张。此后进口数量继续大幅减少。相比之下，直到 20 世纪 60 年代，引进的家禽数量相对较少，当时作为现代高生产产业发展的一部分，大量进口。牛和羊的总体模式都是瓶颈事件，因为最初从外部种群抵达的动物数量相对有限，随后人口扩张，并持续但有限的移民（混合）。对新西兰牛羊的遗传种群结构及其宿主相关微生物的调查可以反映这些早期历史事件的影响。
AIMS: To quantify the numbers of live cattle, sheep and poultry imported into New Zealand and, where possible, their country of origin from 1860 to 1979.METHODS: Information on the origin and number of live animal importations into New Zealand was collected for cattle, sheep and poultry for the period 1868-1979 from the annual reports compiled by the New Zealand Registrar General's Office, Government Statistician's Office, Census and Statistics Office, Census and Statistics Department, Customs Department and Department of Statistics. Census data from 1851 to 1871 were also used to estimate the livestock population during this period. The number of animals imported and the mean population for each species in a decade were determined, and the major countries of origin were identified.RESULTS: A large number of cattle (53,384) and sheep (604,525) were imported in the 1860s, and then there was a marked reduction in importations. Live poultry were imported in relatively small numbers (20,701) from 1880 to 1939, then 1,564,330 live poultry were imported between 1960 and 1979. Australia was the predominant country of origin for sheep between 1868 and 1959 (51,347/60,918; 84.3%) and of cattle between 1868 and 1979 (10,080/15,157; 66.5%). Only 6,712 (11.0%) sheep and 3,909 (25.8%) cattle were imported from the United Kingdom over the same periods, and even fewer from other countries.CONCLUSIONS: The collated data and historical reports show that from 1860 to 1979 Australia has been the main source of livestock introduced into New Zealand. The pattern of importation showed that large numbers of cattle and sheep were initially imported in the 1860s, probably in response to rapid agricultural expansion. Thereafter importations continued at much reduced numbers. In contrast, relatively small numbers of poultry were introduced until the 1960s when large numbers were imported as part of the development of a modern high-production industry. The overall pattern for both cattle and sheep was of a bottleneck event, as initially a relatively limited number of animals arrived from outside populations, followed by population expansion with ongoing but limited immigration (admixture). Investigation into the genetic population structure of New Zealand's cattle and sheep, as well as their host-associated microorganisms, could reflect the impact of these early historical events.