The Russian Press in the Post-Soviet Era: a case study of Izvestia
The Russian Press in the Post-Soviet Era: a case study of Izvestia
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后苏联时代的俄罗斯新闻界：《消息报》的案例研究
DOI：
10.1080/14616700220145597
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Adam Jones
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adam Jones
在苏联后期和后苏联时代，俄罗斯媒体的进步可以被描述为（向弗拉基米尔•列宁道歉）“前进两步，后退一步”。在米哈伊尔•戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）的领导下，公开性（openness）的开花结果导致了苏联新闻业的“黄金时代”，包括新出版物的爆炸式增长，以及几乎所有国家对记者职业活动的限制都被取消。然而，1991/92年苏联的解体和物质危机的爆发迅速导致了新闻界的筛选和幸存出版物的缩减。与此同时，强大的新势力——尤其是寡头和地区领导人——崛起，与国家争夺对后苏联媒体的影响力。本文根据这些更广泛的趋势，探讨了苏联和后苏联时期的主要报纸之一《消息报》的发展轨迹。虽然《消息报》从苏联共产主义的灰烬中崛起，正式控制了其物质工厂和新闻集体，但它很快就受到了决心控制其命运的强大参与者之间的拉锯战——首先是共产党主导的杜马（议会），然后是大公司和商业寡头。1997年，这场斗争导致该报主编奥列格·戈伦比夫斯基（Oleg Golembiovsky）被解雇，许多员工离职，成立了《新消息报》（Novye Izvestia）——尽管这份刊物也不愿或无法避免与主要寡头之一鲍里斯·别列佐夫斯基（Boris Berezovsky）结成密切联盟的诱惑。在结论部分，基于作者对全球媒体自由化和转型过程的研究，将研究结果置于俄罗斯和（简要地）全球媒体转型的更广泛的比较背景下。
The progress of the Russian press in the late Soviet and post-Soviet eras can be described (with apologies to Vladimir Lenin) as "two steps forward, one step back". The flowering of glasnost (openness) under Mikhail Gorbachev led to a "golden age" of Soviet journalism, including an explosion of new publications and a lifting of nearly all state restrictions on journalists' professional activities. However, the collapse of the USSR and the onset of material crisis in 1991/92 quickly produced a winnowing of the press and a retrenchment on the part of surviving publications. At the same time, powerful new forces--especially oligarchs and regional and leaders--arose to vie with the state for influence over post-Soviet media. This paper explores the trajectory of one of the leading newspapers of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, Izvestia , in the light of these broader trends. While Izvestia emerged from the ashes of Soviet communism with formal control over its material plant and journalistic collective, it was soon subjected to a tug-of-war between powerful actors determined to control its destiny--first the communist-dominated Duma (parliament), and then large corporations and business oligarchs. The struggle led, in 1997, to the dismissal of the paper's editor, Oleg Golembiovsky, and the departure of many staff to form Novye Izvestia ( New Izvestia )--though this publication, too, was also unwilling or unable to avoid the temptations of a close alliance with one of the leading oligarchs, Boris Berezovsky. In the conclusion, the findings are placed in the broader comparative context of Russian and (briefly) global media in transition, based on the author's research into the process of media liberalization and transition worldwide.