Moving to suburbia: ontogenetic and evolutionary consequences of life on predator-free islands
Moving to suburbia: ontogenetic and evolutionary consequences of life on predator-free islands
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00717.x
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发表时间：
2002-05-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Blumstein, DT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blumstein, DT
许多物种发现自己与它们进化的捕食者隔离。这种情况通常发生在岛屿生物群中，类似于从危险的市中心搬到郊区。经济学思维告诉我们，如果成本高昂的反捕食行为不再有益，我们应该预期它会消失。反捕食行为的损失有重要的后果，那些寻求易位或重新引入个人从无捕食者的岛屿回到捕食者丰富的大陆，但我们既没有详细的了解机制的损失，也没有信息的时间过程中放松选择。一些反捕食者的行为是经验依赖的：与捕食者的经验是需要他们的适当表现。在这些情况下，反捕食者的行为是失去后，只有一代的隔离，但它应该能够恢复后，暴露于捕食者。其他行为可能更“硬线”。antipredator行为的进化损失可能会发生在短短几代人，但行为也可能持续数千年的捕食者自由living.Location澳大利亚和新西兰。方法我讨论了一系列研究的结果，旨在记录的机制和时间过程中放松选择的antipredator行为macropodid有袋动物。视觉，听觉和嗅觉捕食者识别的控制研究，以及反捕食者警戒的实地研究集中在几个物种的袋鼠和wallabies.Results视觉捕食者识别可能会保留9500年的放松选择，但嗅觉和声学捕食者识别可能要学习。岛屿种群使人类在逃离之前比大陆动物更接近。岛屿物种可能会保留“群体规模效应”-寻求安全的数量的能力-当他们暴露于任何predator.Main结论，我认为，任何捕食者的存在可能是一个重要的因素，在保持功能antipredator行为。管理人员在计划易位或重新引入时，应特别注意其种群的来源和进化历史。
Aim Many species find themselves isolated from the predators with which they evolved. This situation commonly occurs with island biota, and is similar to moving from the dangerous inner-city to the suburbs. Economic thinking tells us that we should expect costly antipredator behaviour to be lost if it is no longer beneficial. The loss of antipredator behaviour has important consequences for those seeking to translocate or reintroduce individuals from predator-free islands back to the predator-rich mainland, but we have neither a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of loss nor information on the time course of relaxed selection. Some antipredator behaviours are experience-dependent: experience with predators is required for their proper performance. In these cases, antipredator behaviour is lost after only a single generation of isolation, but it should be able to be regained following exposure to predators. Other behaviours may be more 'hard-wired'. The evolutionary loss of antipredator behaviour may occur over as few as several generations, but behaviours may also persist for many thousands of years of predator-free living.Location Australia and New Zealand.Methods I discuss the results of a series of studies designed to document the mechanisms and time course of relaxed selection for antipredator behaviour in macropodid marsupials. Controlled studies of visual, acoustic and olfactory predator recognition, as well as field studies of antipredator vigilance focused on several species of kangaroos and wallabies.Results Visual predator recognition may be retained following 9500 years of relaxed selection, but olfactory and acoustic predator recognition may have to be learned. Insular populations allow humans to approach closer before fleeing than mainland animals. Insular species may retain 'group size effects' - the ability to seek safety in numbers - when they are exposed to any predators.Main conclusions I suggest that the presence of any predators may be an important factor in maintaining functional antipredator behaviour. Managers should pay particular attention as to the source and evolutionary history of their population when planning translocations or reintroductions.