Genetics, Morphology, Advertisement Calls, and Historical Records Distinguish Six New Polyploid Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa
Genetics, Morphology, Advertisement Calls, and Historical Records Distinguish Six New Polyploid Species of African Clawed Frog (Xenopus, Pipidae) from West and Central Africa
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0142823
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发表时间：
2015-12-16
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Blackburn, David C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evans, Ben J.;Carter, Timothy F.;Blackburn, David C.
非洲爪蛙（爪蟾属）的多倍体物种多样性和在其多样化过程中发生的大量独立多倍化事件在脊椎动物中是非凡的。在这里，我们更新了目前对该群体进化史的了解，并描述了来自撒哈拉以南非洲西部和中部的六个新物种，包括四个四倍体和两个十二倍体。我们提供有关分子变异、形态、核型、发声和估计地理范围的信息，这些信息支持了这些新物种的独特性。我们从热带爪蟾的同义词中复活了爪蟾，并将来自比奥科岛和喀麦隆沿海（喀麦隆山附近）的种群归为该物种。为了便于与新种进行比较，我们还提供了关于 X. epitropicalis、X.tropicalis 和 X.fraseri 的模式标本、形态和分布的评论。这包括显着限制 X. fraseri 和 X. epitropicalis 名称的应用，我们认为第一个名称只能从模式标本和可能的其他标本中明确得知。推断这些新物种的进化历史可以细化爪蟾内的物种组，并导致我们认识到爪蟾亚属中的两个亚属（爪蟾和Silurana）和爪蟾亚属内的三个物种组（amieti、laevis和muelleri物种组）。
African clawed frogs, genus Xenopus, are extraordinary among vertebrates in the diversity of their polyploid species and the high number of independent polyploidization events that occurred during their diversification. Here we update current understanding of the evolutionary history of this group and describe six new species from west and central sub-Saharan Africa, including four tetraploids and two dodecaploids. We provide information on molecular variation, morphology, karyotypes, vocalizations, and estimated geographic ranges, which support the distinctiveness of these new species. We resurrect Xenopus calcaratus from synonymy of Xenopus tropicalis and refer populations from Bioko Island and coastal Cameroon (near Mt. Cameroon) to this species. To facilitate comparisons to the new species, we also provide comments on the type specimens, morphology, and distributions of X. epitropicalis, X. tropicalis, and X. fraseri. This includes significantly restricted application of the names X. fraseri and X. epitropicalis, the first of which we argue is known definitively only from type specimens and possibly one other specimen. Inferring the evolutionary histories of these new species allows refinement of species groups within Xenopus and leads to our recognition of two subgenera (Xenopus and Silurana) and three species groups within the subgenus Xenopus (amieti, laevis, and muelleri species groups).