Sexual Selection and Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Childhood Externalizing and Adolescent Internalizing Disorders
Sexual Selection and Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Childhood Externalizing and Adolescent Internalizing Disorders
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DOI：
10.1037/a0032247
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Martel, Michelle M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martel, Michelle M.
尽管在许多儿童和青少年精神病理学状况的患病率方面存在明确的性别差异，但在精神病理学方面并不存在性别差异的综合元理论。本文试图提供一个元理论框架，以指导儿童期发病的“外化”和青春期发病的“内化”疾病的患病率的性别差异的实证研究，基于性选择进化理论。性选择理论表明，重要的性别之间的差异标记，机制，病因学和发展时间的风险和心理病理学的弹性。也就是说，性选择理论假设，去抑制和感觉寻求可能是重要的儿童期发作的外化障碍的男性近端风险标志。该理论表明，这些男性偏好的标记物可能是他们更高的产前睾酮暴露的产物，这使得他们更容易受到产前压力的影响，对多巴胺能神经传递产生下游影响，特别是对于那些具有与较低多巴胺能功能相关的遗传等位基因的人。与此相反，性选择理论假设，负面情绪，共情，认知反刍可能是重要的近端风险标志物，为女性发病的内化障碍。该理论认为，这些标记物是通过青春期雌二醇水平的快速上升而传播的，雌二醇与皮质醇和催产素相互作用。这些激素对肾上腺素能系统产生下游效应，从而增加女性对人际压力的敏感性，特别是在青春期，特别是对于那些功能性肾上腺素能活动较低的女性。这样的元理论可以帮助整合先前关于性别差异的想法，也可以在标记，病因，机制和常见形式的精神病理学的发展时间方面产生新的性别差异预测。
Despite the well-established sex difference in prevalence of many childhood and adolescent psychopathological conditions, no integrative metatheory of sex differences in psychopathology exists. This review attempts to provide a metatheoretical framework to guide empirical examination of sex differences in prevalence of childhood-onset "externalizing" and adolescent-onset "internalizing" disorders, based on sexual selection evolutionary theory. Sexual selection theory suggests important between-sex differences in markers, mechanisms, etiology, and developmental timing of risk and resilience relevant to psychopathology. Namely, sexual selection theory hypothesizes that disinhibition and sensation-seeking may be important proximate risk markers for childhood-onset externalizing disorders in males. The theory suggests that these male-biased markers may be a product of their higher exposure to prenatal testosterone, which makes them more susceptible to prenatal stressors with downstream effects on dopaminergic neurotransmission, especially for those with genetic alleles associated with lower dopaminergic function. In contrast, sexual selection theory hypothesizes that negative emotionality, empathy, and cognitive rumination may be important proximate risk markers for adolescent-onset internalizing disorders in females. The theory suggests that these markers are propagated by rapidly rising levels of estradiol at puberty that interact with cortisol and oxytocin. These hormones exert downstream effects on the serotonergic system in such a way as to increase females' sensitivity to interpersonal stressors particularly at puberty and especially for those with lower functional serotonergic activity. Such a metatheory can help integrate prior ideas about sex differences and can also generate new predictions of sex differences in markers, etiology, mechanisms, and developmental timing of common forms of psychopathology.