Under‐the‐covers undercover investigations: Some reflections on the state's use of sex and deception in law enforcement
Under‐the‐covers undercover investigations: Some reflections on the state's use of sex and deception in law enforcement
复制标题
秘密调查：对国家在执法中使用性和欺骗行为的一些思考
DOI：
10.1080/0731129x.1992.9991907
复制
发表时间：
1992
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Marx
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Marx
我不同情那些因为警察向那些想买毒品的人出售毒品而哭泣的人。我们会用尽一切法律的手段。我们想让大家知道下一个买毒品的人可能是警察。或者，它可能是从一个前女友工作的警察谁邀请你到她的酒店房间。前市长马里恩巴里从一位前女友那里购买毒品后被捕并受审，这引发了一系列涉及警察欺骗的道德和政策问题。[1]其中最有趣的涉及友谊和卧底调查。什么时候，如果有的话，用友谊和性的诱惑作为调查的一部分是合适的？当然，国家支持的欺骗行为引发了所有通常与欺骗相关的道德问题。[2]它还提出了一些国家作为社会价值观象征性储存库所特有的问题（例如，需要避免树立坏榜样）。但是当友谊和性同时存在时，就像巴里的情况一样，情况就变得更加复杂了。操纵，诱惑和欺骗（无论涉及动机和/或身份）都是潜在的爆炸性组合。在这篇文章中，我将集中在性和卧底调查的有限主题。性的欺骗性使用可能会放大在更广泛的主题"虚假的朋友欺骗"中发现的违反信任的基本问题。"如果我们专注于较窄的主题，可能有助于我们理解更大的主题。我想问：（1）当秘密行动涉及性问题时，有什么利害关系，有什么不同？(2)在秘密调查中使用性的主要方式是什么？(3)我们应该如何判断这种行为？性活动和秘密活动之间存在一些相似之处。两者都是私人活动。那些没有直接参与的人不会知道很多发生了什么。秘密和诱惑可能在每一个中都扮演着重要的角色。浪漫和秘密活动都可能涉及到创造印象的高度努力，保守秘密和强烈的联系。卖淫和卧底工作一样，可能涉及角色扮演和假装情感（从电影《当哈利遇见莎莉》中的经典场景来看，假装并不是专业人士的专属）。秘密监视和录音录像的卧底活动具有偷窥的性质。"深入渗透"和"接触"等术语有多个指称。调查对象经常报告说，他们在被捕后被特工"耍了"。特工们有时会把他们工作的机构称为他们的"情妇。"对一些特工来说，卧底的兴奋与性有关。正如一位经验丰富的特工在接受同事采访时所说的那样，“最好的卧底对他所做的事情感到兴奋;这几乎是一种性刺激。在"马塔哈里"现象的情况下，卧底和性角色可能是专业交织在一起的--尽管最近的一种说法认为马塔哈里可能是被陷害的。[4]同性恋和间谍活动之间的可能联系，至少在二战后的英国背景下，经常被注意到。在隐蔽手段和更普遍的性之间似乎有一种自然的一致性。我已经确定了一些道德理由，反对，卧底工作。[5]反对意见之一是缺乏对亲密关系神圣性的尊重。对使用配偶证词的限制反映了这一关切。与市场中的非个人化和工具性关系不同，亲密关系本身被视为（并被认为是）目的。它们蓬勃发展到个人可以自由地表达自己，而不会怀疑或担心他人的不可告人的动机。在更广泛的意义上，亲密关系也可以在积极地将个人与他人联系起来方面产生工具性或功能性的后果。…
I have no sympathy for those who are crybabies about the fact that police officers are selling to those who want to buy drugs. We use every legal means that we can. We want everybody to know that the next drug buy may be from a police officer. Or it might be from a former girl friend working for police who has invited you to her hotel room. The arrest and trial of former Mayor Marion Barry after he had purchased drugs from an ex-girl friend raises a variety of ethical and policy issues involving police deception.[1] One of the most interesting involves friendship and undercover investigations. When, if ever, is it appropriate to use friendship and the lure of sex as part of an investigation? State-sponsored deception, of course, raises all the ethical issues generally associated with deception.[2] It also raises some issues that are unique to the state as the symbolic repository of societal values (for example, the need to avoid setting bad examples). But when friendship and sex are present, as in the Barry case, the situation becomes more complex. Manipulation, temptation and deception (whether involving motives and/or identity) are joined in a potentially explosive[3] mix. In this article I will focus on the limited topic of sex and undercover investigations. The deceptive use of sex may magnify the basic issue of the violation of trust found within the broader topic of "false friend deception." It might help our understanding of the larger topic if we focus on the narrower one. Here I ask: (1) What is at stake and what is different when undercover operations have a sexual component? (2) What are the main ways that sex is used in covert investigations? (3) How should we judge this behavior? Some parallels exist between sexual and undercover activity. Both are private activities. Those not directly involved will not know much about what goes on. Secrecy and temptation may play important roles in each. Both romance and undercover activities can involve heightened efforts to create impressions, the keeping of secrets, and intense bonding. Prostitution, like undercover work, may involve role-playing and feigning emotions (and to judge from the classic scene in the film When Harry Meets Sally, faking it is not the exclusive preserve of professionals). Undercover activities, with their secret watching and audio and video recordings, have a voyeuristic quality. Terminology such as "deep penetration" and "access" have multiple referents. Targets of investigations frequently report being "screwed" by the agent after their arrest. Agents sometimes refer to the agency they work for as their "mistress." For some agents the excitement of undercover has a sexual parallel. As one highly experienced agent put it in an interview with a co-worker, "The best undercover is exalted in what he's doing; it's almost a sexual thrill." In the case of the "mata-hari" phenomenon, undercover and sexual roles may be professionally interwined --although one recent account suggests that Mata-Hari may have been framed.[4] A possible link between homosexuality and spying, at least in the post-World War II British context, has often been noted. There seems to be a natural congruence between covert means and sex more generally. I have identified a number of ethical justifications for, and objections to, undercover work.[5] Among the objections is that of lack of respect for the sanctity of intimate relations. Restrictions on the use of spousal testimony reflect this concern. Unlike the impersonal and instrumental relationships of the marketplace, intimate relationships are valued as (and assumed to be) ends in themselves. They flourish to the extent that individuals feel free to express themselves without suspiciousness or fear of others' ulterior motives. In a larger sense, intimate relations can also have instrumental or functional consequences in positively linking the individual to others. …