Anatomy of motor learning .1. Frontal cortex and attention to action
Anatomy of motor learning .1. Frontal cortex and attention to action
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DOI：
10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1313
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发表时间：
1997-03-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Passingham, RE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jueptner, M;Stephan, KM;Passingham, RE
我们使用正电子发射断层扫描来研究正常志愿者的新学习和自动执行。受试者通过尝试和错误来学习八个手指动作的序列。在之前的一个实验中，我们发现前额叶皮层在新的学习过程中被激活，但在自动执行过程中却没有。本实验的目的是，如果受试者执行预先学习的序列，但需要注意他们正在做的事情，那么哪些区域可以重新激活。在四种条件下进行扫描。在第一个实验中，受试者执行了一个预先学习过的按下8个键的序列;这个序列在扫描之前就已经学习过了，并且一直在练习，直到它变得过度学习，这样受试者就能够自动地执行它。在第二种情况下，受试者在扫描过程中学习了一个新的序列。在第三种情况下，受试者执行预先学习的序列，但他们需要注意他们正在做的事情;他们被指示思考下一个动作。第四个条件是基线条件。与先前的研究一样，背侧前额叶皮层和前扣带回32区在新的学习过程中被激活，但在自动执行过程中没有被激活。与自动执行相同任务相比，当被试注意到预先学习序列的执行时，左背侧前额叶皮层和右前扣带回皮层被重新激活。据认为，关键的特点是，受试者必须参加准备他们的答复。然而，当受试者学习一个新的序列时，背侧前额叶皮层和前扣带皮层的激活程度要高于受试者只关注预先学习的序列时。新的学习与注意力条件的不同之处在于，受试者产生了动作，监测了结果，并记住了成功的反应。所有这些都是受试者必须参加的非常规手术。需要进一步的分析来确定哪些是需要背侧前额叶和前扣带皮层参与的非常规操作。
We used positron emission tomography to study new learning and automatic performance in normal volunteers. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements by trial and error. In a previous experiment we showed that the prefrontal cortex was activated during new learning but not during automatic performance. The aim of the present experiment was to see what areas could be reactivated if the subjects performed the prelearned sequence but were required to pay attention to what they were doing. Scans were carried out under four conditions. In the first the subjects performed a prelearned sequence of eight key presses; this sequence was learned before scanning and was practiced until it had become overlearned, so that the subjects were able to perform it automatically. In the second condition the subjects learned a new sequence during scanning. In a third condition the subjects performed the prelearned sequence, but they were required to attend to what they were doing; they were instructed to think about the next movement. The fourth condition was a baseline condition. As in the earlier study, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate area 32 were activated during new learning, but not during automatic performance. The left dorsal prefrontal cortex and the right anterior cingulate cortex were reactivated when subjects paid attention to the performance of the prelearned sequence compared with automatic performance of the same task. It is suggested that the critical feature was that the subjects were required to attend to the preparation of their responses. However, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated more when the subjects learned a new sequence than they were when subjects simply paid attention to a prelearned sequence. New learning differs from the attention condition in that the subjects generated moves, monitored the outcomes, and remembered the responses that had been successful. All these are nonroutine operations to which the subjects must attend. Further analysis is needed to specify which are the nonroutine operations that require the involvement of the dorsal prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex.