Distributed Control Design for Balancing the Grid Using Flexible Loads
Distributed Control Design for Balancing the Grid Using Flexible Loads
复制标题
使用灵活负载平衡电网的分布式控制设计
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-7822-9_16
复制
发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Sean P. Meyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yue;Umar Hashmi;J. Mathias;A. Bušić;Sean P. Meyn
来自风和太阳的廉价能源伴随着不必要的波动性，例如随着夕阳或一阵风而形成的斜坡。今天，可控发电机管理着电力的供需平衡，但随着可再生能源的普及，这一成本正变得越来越高。自上世纪80年代以来，人们一直认为，应该让消费者参与其中：“需求反应”将有助于创造所需的供需平衡。然而，消费者使用电力是有原因的，并期望他们收到的服务质量(Qos)将在合理的范围内。此外，一些消费者的行为是不可预测的，而电网运营商需要可预测的可控资源来维护可靠性。本章的目标是描述一门新兴的需求分配科学，它将从灵活的负载中创建虚拟能量存储。通过设计，来自灵活负载的网格级服务将像发电机或电池组一样可控和可预测。在所有情况下都将保持对服务质量的严格限制。这些新资源的潜在经济影响是巨大的。加州计划花费数十亿美元购买电池，这些电池只提供一小部分平衡服务，而这些服务可以通过按需调度获得。这对社会的潜在影响是巨大的：通过适当的基础设施和控制系统的组合，可持续的能源未来是可能的。
Inexpensive energy from the wind and the sun comes with unwanted volatility, such as ramps with the setting sun or a gust of wind. Controllable generators manage supply-demand balance of power today, but this is becoming increasingly costly with increasing penetration of renewable energy. It has been argued since the 1980s that consumers should be put in the loop: “demand response” will help to create needed supply-demand balance. However, consumers use power for a reason and expect that the quality of service (QoS) they receive will lie within reasonable bounds. Moreover, the behavior of some consumers is unpredictable, while the grid operator requires predictable controllable resources to maintain reliability. The goal of this chapter is to describe an emerging science for demand dispatch that will create virtual energy storage from flexible loads. By design, the grid-level services from flexible loads will be as controllable and predictable as a generator or fleet of batteries. Strict bounds on QoS will be maintained in all cases. The potential economic impact of these new resources is enormous. California plans to spend billions of dollars on batteries that will provide only a small fraction of the balancing services that can be obtained using demand dispatch. The potential impact on society is enormous: a sustainable energy future is possible with the right mix of infrastructure and control systems.