Trends in the International Fight Against Bribery and Corruption
Trends in the International Fight Against Bribery and Corruption
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s10551-010-0383-7
复制
发表时间：
2009-12
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
M. Cleveland;Christopher M. Favo;Thomas J. Frecka;Charles L. Owens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Cleveland;Christopher M. Favo;Thomas J. Frecka;Charles L. Owens
在过去的十年里，我们已经看到了在打击国际贿赂和腐败方面取得进展的一些早期迹象，这是一个在整个商业历史上一直被忽视的问题。我们提出了一个模型，然后我们用它来评估减少贿赂的进展。模型组件包括硬法和软法立法组件以及执行和遵从组件。我们首先总结了一些文献，这些文献令人信服地认为，贿赂是一种不道德和不道德的行为，它造成的经济损害最严重地落在那些最无法吸收它的人身上。下一节总结了反贿赂立法的主要条款，包括《反海外腐败法》（FCPA）、经济发展组织《打击国际商业交易中贿赂外国官员公约》、《联合国反腐败公约》以及选定国家的法律。最后，我们将讨论“道德帝国主义”的论点，即不要将西方的法律和价值观强加于其他文化。下一部分重点介绍非政府组织所扮演的角色，包括透明国际（TI）、世界经济论坛（WEF）和国际商会。我们审查了执法和起诉的趋势，包括审查美国的执法程序、跨境法律援助机制、讨论《反海外腐败法》案件的独特性质，以及评估执法的未来。最后一部分侧重于企业的合规流程，旨在降低《反海外腐败法》和相关违规行为的风险。本节还讨论了送礼和“油脂”付款的道德问题。文章最后对全文进行了总结，并提出了进一步研究的建议。在整篇文章中，我们引用了重要的贿赂案件，并包括了几位站在打击国际贿赂前线的权威人士的评论。
Over the past decade, we have witnessed some early signs of progress in the battle against international bribery and corruption, a problem that throughout the history of commerce had previously been ignored. We present a model that we then use to assess progress in reducing bribery. The model components include both hard law and soft law legislation components and enforcement and compliance components. We begin by summarizing the literature that convincingly argues that bribery is an immoral and unethical practice and that the economic harm it causes falls most heavily on those least able to absorb it. The next section summarizes the main provisions of anti-bribery legislation including theForeign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA), the Organization for Economic Development’sConvention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials in International Business Transactions,theUnited Nations Convention Against Corruptionand the laws of selected countries. We conclude this section with a discussion of the “moral imperialism” argument for not imposing Western laws and values on other cultures. The next section focuses on the roles played by NGOs including Transparency International (TI), the World Economic Forum (WEF), and the International Chamber of Commerce. We review trends in enforcement and prosecution, including a review of the United States’ enforcement processes, mechanisms for cross-border legal assistance, a discussion of the distinctive nature of FCPA cases, and an assessment of what the future holds for enforcement. The final section focuses on compliance processes for corporations aimed at reducing the risk of FCPA and related violations. This section also addresses the ethics of gift giving and “grease” payments. The article concludes with a summary and suggestions for further research. Throughout the article, we reference important bribery cases and include comments from several authorities who are on the front lines of the battle against international bribery.