Mechanical models affecting beetle horn remodeling
Mechanical models affecting beetle horn remodeling
复制标题
影响甲虫角重塑的机械模型
DOI：
10.1101/2023.01.16.524208
复制
发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kondo Shigeru
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Matsuda Keisuke;Adachi Haruhiko;Gotoh Hiroki;Inoue Yasuhiro;Kondo Shigeru
阐明昆虫变态过程中形态改变的机制对于理解昆虫外骨骼的形态发生具有重要意义。日本犀牛甲虫Trypoxylus dichotomus的大角是剧烈变态的结果，其中它通过化蛹表现为圆形，然后经过重塑成为角形的成年形状。然而，这种重塑过程的机械机制仍然未知。在这项研究中，我们研究了重塑机制的日本犀牛甲虫角开发的物理模拟。我们确定了三个因素有助于重塑的生物实验腹侧粘连，不均匀的收缩，体积减少，这被证明是至关重要的改造的物理模拟。我们还通过将模拟应用于鹿角甲虫的下颌骨重塑来证实我们的发现。这些结果表明，物理模拟也适用于其他甲虫蛹的改造，其形态发生机制可以解释各种外骨骼形状。通过变态，昆虫有时会戏剧性地改变它们的形状。日本犀牛甲虫的头角是最著名的变态例子之一。在幼虫到蛹的蜕皮中，角突然出现，这是由“沟形成和展开”机制引起的。展开的过程使蛹角变圆。然而，蛹到成虫的蜕皮将圆形形状转变为角形形状。在本文中，我们研究了转化的机制。我们通过观察和实验提取了影响它的因素，并开发了物理模拟。它可以从蛹形复制成虫形，可以作为甲虫蛹-成虫转化的一般模型。
Clarifying the mechanisms of shape alteration by insect metamorphosis is important for comprehending exoskeletal morphogenesis. The large horn of the Japanese rhinoceros beetleTrypoxylus dichotomusis the result of drastic metamorphosis, wherein it appears as a rounded shape via pupation and then undergoes remodeling into an angular adult shape. However, the mechanical mechanisms of this remodeling process remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the remodeling mechanisms of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle horn by developing a physical simulation. We identified three factors contributing to remodeling by biological experiments—ventral adhesion, uneven shrinkage, and volume reduction—which were demonstrated to be crucial to the transformation by a physical simulation. We also corroborated our findings by applying the simulation to the stag beetle’s mandibular remodeling. These results indicate that the physical simulation is applicable to pupal remodeling in other beetles, and the morphogenic mechanisms could explain various exoskeletal shapes.Significance statementThe metamorphosis in insects is a mysterious process. By metamorphosis, insects sometimes change their shape dramatically. The head horn of the Japanese rhinoceros beetle is one of the most famous examples of metamorphosis. In larva-to-pupa molting, the horn appears suddenly, caused by the “furrow formation and unfolding” mechanism. The unfolding process makes the pupal horn rounded. However, pupa-to-adult molting transforms the rounded shape into an angular shape. In this paper, we investigated the mechanisms of the transformation. We extracted factors contributing to it through observations and experiments and developed a physical simulation. It could reproduce the adult shape from the pupal shape and could be a general model for the pupa-adult transformation of beetles.