Face Recognition and Verification Using Photometric Stereo: The Photoface Database and a Comprehensive Evaluation
Face Recognition and Verification Using Photometric Stereo: The Photoface Database and a Comprehensive Evaluation
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DOI：
10.1109/tifs.2012.2224109
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发表时间：
2013-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
S. Zafeiriou;G. Atkinson;M. Hansen;W. Smith;Vasileios Argyriou;M. Petrou;Melvyn L. Smith;Lyndon N. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Zafeiriou;G. Atkinson;M. Hansen;W. Smith;Vasileios Argyriou;M. Petrou;Melvyn L. Smith;Lyndon N. Smith
本文提出了一种新的数据库，适用于2-D和3-D人脸识别的光度立体（PS）的基础上：Photoface数据库。使用定制的四源PS设备收集数据库，该设备旨在使数据采集与受试者的必要交互最小化。该设备使用超声波自动检测受试者的存在，被放置在忙碌繁忙工作场所的入口处，并捕获了1839个具有自然姿势和表情的面部图像。这意味着所获得的数据比现有数据库更适合日常使用，因此是最先进的识别算法的宝贵测试平台。本文还介绍了各种人脸识别和验证算法的实验，使用的深度图，表面法线，和恢复的深度图。最后，我们进行了实验，以证明如何在PS的管道不同的方法（即，正常场计算和深度图重建）影响识别和验证性能。这些实验有助于1）证明PS的有用性，特别是我们的设备，用于最小交互人脸识别，以及2）突出用于自然表达PS数据的最佳重建和识别算法。该数据库可从www.example.com下载。
This paper presents a new database suitable for both 2-D and 3-D face recognition based on photometric stereo (PS): the Photoface database. The database was collected using a custom-made four-source PS device designed to enable data capture with minimal interaction necessary from the subjects. The device, which automatically detects the presence of a subject using ultrasound, was placed at the entrance to a busy workplace and captured 1839 sessions of face images with natural pose and expression. This meant that the acquired data is more realistic for everyday use than existing databases and is, therefore, an invaluable test bed for state-of-the-art recognition algorithms. The paper also presents experiments of various face recognition and verification algorithms using the albedo, surface normals, and recovered depth maps. Finally, we have conducted experiments in order to demonstrate how different methods in the pipeline of PS (i.e., normal field computation and depth map reconstruction) affect recognition and verification performance. These experiments help to 1) demonstrate the usefulness of PS, and our device in particular, for minimal-interaction face recognition, and 2) highlight the optimal reconstruction and recognition algorithms for use with natural-expression PS data. The database can be downloaded from http://www.uwe.ac.uk/research/Photoface.