COMMUNITY PATTERNS AND COMPETITION IN FOLIVOROUS INSECTS
COMMUNITY PATTERNS AND COMPETITION IN FOLIVOROUS INSECTS
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DOI：
10.1086/283826
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发表时间：
1981-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
STRONG, DR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LAWTON, JH;STRONG, DR
有趣的是，植食昆虫的组合模式与许多其他物种的组合模式相似。回顾了八种这样的模式：大区域比小区域支持更多的物种；复杂生境比简单生境支持更多的物种；持久生境比短暂生境有更多的物种，有更窄的取食位；在连续的星体尺寸之间存在显著的生态（Hutchinsonian）距离；群落在生态时间内物种饱和；密度补偿发生在不合适的行会；物种与近亲竞争最激烈；在生境内，物种表现出生态位分离。在许多其他群体中，如脊椎动物，这些模式被广泛地归因于种间竞争的影响，无论是全部还是部分。相比之下，对于食叶昆虫来说，经典的种间食物竞争是微弱和罕见的，它不能填补其他生物上许多工蜂所支持的主要生态和进化作用。大多数群落模式可以在不引入种间竞争的情况下解释。对于植物上的昆虫，认为严酷多变的气候、寄主植物物候、寄主组织化学和物理变化的季节序列以及食用植物资源的斑块性等生态因素对植噬体显然具有重要意义。以拟寄生物和捕食者为形式的天敌经常与生态因素相结合，以提供在寄主植物上看到的昆虫数量调节。对食物的竞争或共同进化对食草昆虫群落的影响只有在较不频繁的情况下才会出现。
Patterns in assemblages of phytophagous insects are interestingly similar to those displayed in many other groups of species. Eight such patterns are reviewed: Large areas support more species than small areas; complex habitats support more species than simple habitats; persistent habitats have more species, with narrower feeding niches, than ephemeral habitats; significant ecological (Hutchinsonian) distances exist between body sizes of successive instars; communities saturate with species in ecological time; density compensation occurs in depauperate guilds; species compete most strongly with close relatives; within habitats species show niche separation. In many other groups, such as vertebrates, these patterns are widely attributed to the effects of interspecific competition, either in whole or in part. For folivorous insects, in contrast, classical, interspecific competition for food is weak and infrequent, and it cannot fill the major ecological and evolutionary role favored for it by many workers on other organisms. Most community patterns can be explained without invoking interspecific competition. For insects on plants, it is posited that autecological factors of a harsh and changing climate, host plant phenology, seasonal sequences of chemical and physical changes in host tissue, and patchiness of food plant resources are obviously of great importance to phytophages. Natural enemies in the form of parasitoids and predators frequently combine with autecological factors to lend what regulation of numbers is seen among insects on host plants. Only less frequently can competition for food or coevolution be shown to have an influence on communities of folivorous insects.