A review of animal-mediated seed dispersal of palms.
A review of animal-mediated seed dispersal of palms.
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动物介导的棕榈种子传播综述。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Henderson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Zona;A. Henderson
动物传播是槟榔科（棕榈科）的常见传播方式，但人们对于传播如何影响大多数棕榈树的分布知之甚少。文献调查表明，许多动物以棕榈果为食并传播棕榈种子。这些动物包括鸟类、蝙蝠、不会飞的哺乳动物、爬行动物、昆虫和鱼类。棕榈果序和果实的许多形态特征（例如大小、可及性、骨内果皮）对利用棕榈的动物有影响，尽管这种影响的性质人们知之甚少。专性和机会性食果动物都能够传播种子。几乎没有证据表明棕榈种子传播生态学中存在专性植物-动物互利共生。尽管有大量关于种子传播的文献（Guppy，1906；Ridley，1930；van der Piji，1 982），但棕榈科动物界（动物介导的种子传播）的细节在很大程度上被忽视了（Uhi＆Dransfield，1987）。只有 Beccati (1877) 专门讨论了棕榈种子的传播；他得出的结论是，尽管棕榈果似乎适合动物传播种子，但很少有动物吃棕榈果。 Dransfield (1981b) 得出的结论是，棕榈树总体上具有较低的传播能力，而 Janzen 和 Martin (1982) 则认为某些棕榈树是“不合时宜的”，是垂死的物种，其共同进化的传播媒介现已灭绝。长距离扩散是该科大量岛屿特有物种进化的一个可能因素，但一些人认为不太可能，因为许多棕榈树的果实太大，无法进行生物长距离扩散（Moore & Uhi，1973；Dransfield，1981b；但参见 Carlquist，1974）。由于对种子传播的研究很少，我们希望提请注意动物介导的种子传播的已知案例以及进一步实地研究的必要性。考虑到棕榈果作为动物食品的重要性以及觅食、囤积和食用棕榈果的动物数量，以动物为媒介的种子传播的可能性很高（Corner，1966；Leek，1969；Snow，1981；Roosmalen，1985）。然而，许多已发表的根据饮食观察推断的种子传播的描述并不具体或偶然；很少有实地研究专门讨论棕榈种子的传播。棕榈分布是众所周知的（Moore，1973a，1973b；Dransfield，1981b），但动物界在形成这些分布中的作用尚未完全了解。为了引起人们对这些棕榈与动物相互作用的关注，本文概述了以棕榈果实为食的动物的不同组合，并简要考察了果实和/或果序形态在传播和随后的分布中可能发挥的作用。
Zoochory is a common mode of dispersal in the Arecaceae (Palmae), although little is known about how dispersal has influenced the distributions of most palms. A survey of the literature reveals that many kinds of animals feed on palm fruits and disperse palm seeds. These animals include birds, bats, non-flying mammals, reptiles, insects, and fish. Many morphological features of palm infructescences and fruits (e.g., size, accessibility, bony endocarp) have an influence on the animals which exploit palms, although the nature of this influence is poorly understood. Both obligate and opportunistic frugivores are capable of dispersing seeds. There is little evidence for obligate plant-animal mutualisms in palm seed dispersal ecology. In spite of a considerable body of literature on seed dispersal (Guppy, 1906; Ridley, 1930; van der Piji, 1 982), the specifics of zoochory (animalmediated seed dispersal) in regard to the palm family have been largely ignored (Uhi & Dransfield, 1987). Only Beccati (1877) addressed palm seed dispersal specifically; he concluded that few animals eat palm fruits although the fruits appear adapted to seed dispersal by animals. Dransfield (1981b) has concluded that palms, in general, have a low dispersal ability, while Janzen and Martin (1982) have considered some palms to be "anachronisms," moribund species whose coevolved agents of dispersal are now extinct. Long-distance dispersal, a possible factor in the evolution of a large number of island endemics in this family, is thought by some to be unlikely in that many palms have fruits too large for biotic long-distance dispersal (Moore & Uhi, 1973; Dransfield, 1981b; but see Carlquist, 1974). Because seed dispersal has been so little studied, we wish to draw attention to known cases of animal-mediated seed dispersal as well as to the need for further field studies. The likelihood of animal-mediated seed dispersal is high, given the importance of palm fruits as animal food and the number of animals which forage, hoard, and consume them (Corner, 1966; Leek, 1969; Snow, 1981; Roosmalen, 1985). However, many published accounts of seed dispersal inferred from dietary observations have been unspecific or incidental; very few field studies have addressed palm seed dispersal specifically. Palm distributions are well-known (Moore, 1973a, 1973b; Dransfield, 1981b), but the role of zoochory in shaping these distributions is not fully understood. To bring attention to these palm-animal interactions, an overview is presented here of the diverse assemblages of animals which feed on palm fruits along with a brief examination of the role fruit and/or infructescence morphology may play in dispersal and subsequent distributions.