Lessons from Germany’s hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018
Lessons from Germany’s hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018
复制标题
德国逐步淘汰硬煤开采的经验教训：1950 年至 2018 年的政策和转型
作者：
P. oei;Hanna Brauers;Philipp Herpich
摘要德国硬煤生产在补贴终止后于2018年结束。本文通过比较德国两个最大的硬煤开采区（鲁尔区和萨尔兰）的案例研究，探讨了一个雇用了60多万人的行业60年来的持续衰落。虽然主要的经济驱动因素阻碍了转型，但两者都为即将到来的煤炭淘汰提供了宝贵的经验教训，这些淘汰是由更严格的气候政策引起的，包括德国以外的国家。分析确定了这两个区域的主要质量和数量特征。然后，它讨论了政策工具，以指导过渡，包括煤炭生产的保护措施，区域经济调整，并减轻过渡的社会影响。这些政策的成功使用经济，社会和地理指标进行评估，这些指标是在2016年至2019年的三个跨学科研究项目中开发的。从所审查的案例研究中得出的一个关键教训是，不仅要结合解决失业问题和吸引新能源公司和投资的政策，而且要结合改善基础设施、教育、研究设施和软区位因素的措施。与早期逐步淘汰相比，保护一个衰落的行业几十年会增加过渡成本。经济调整和改变区域特性在过去被证明是最困难的。然而，德国的例子表明，如果城市、地区和国家政府和机构以多中心的方式合作，就可以应对转型挑战的复杂性。关键政策见解在德国更快、更积极地逐步淘汰硬煤开采成本会低得多，并为新产业铺平道路公正、及时的过渡需要：由城市、地区、国家和国际政府和机构以多中心的方式共同管理。联合收割机结合气候，能源，社会和结构政策，同时认识到当地的具体情况和全球联系。考虑长期影响、现有制度之外的外部独立咨询意见和跨界思维，同时力求实现经济多样化，使利益攸关方能够广泛参与。解决失业、经济和能源系统问题，并采取措施改善基础设施、大学、研究设施和软区位因素。
ABSTRACT German hard coal production ended in 2018, following the termination of subsidies. This paper looks at 60 years of continuous decline of an industry that employed more than 600,000 people, through a case study comparing Germany’s two largest hard coal mining areas (Ruhr area and Saarland). Although predominantly economic drivers underlay the transitions, both provide valuable lessons for upcoming coal phase-outs induced by stricter climate policies, including beyond Germany. The analysis identifies the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the two regions. It then discusses policy instruments implemented to guide the transition, including measures for the conservation of coal production, regional economic reorientation, and the easing of the transition’s social impacts. The success of these policies is evaluated using economic, social, and geographical indicators that were developed within three interdisciplinary research projects running from 2016 to 2019. A key lesson from the examined case studies is the importance of combining not only policies addressing unemployment and the attraction of new energy corporations and investments, but also measures improving infrastructure, education, research facilities and soft location factors. Protecting a declining industry for decades caused increased transition costs compared to an earlier phase-out. Economic reorientation and changing regional identities have proven most difficult in the past. However, the German example illustrates that the complexity of the challenges of a transition can be mastered if city, regional, and national governments and institutions cooperate in a polycentric approach. Key policy insights A faster and more pro-active hard coal mining phase-out in Germany would have been much less expensive and paved the way for new industries A just and in-time transition needs to: be jointly managed in a polycentric approach by city, regional, national, and international governments and institutions. combine climate, energy, social, and structural policies, whilst recognizing both local specifics and global connections. consider long-term effects, external independent advice apart from the incumbent regime and beyond-border thinking, while aiming to diversify the economy and enabling broad stakeholder participation. address unemployment, the economy, and the energy system, as well as measures to improve infrastructure, universities, research facilities, and soft location factors.