Shark and ray genomics for disentangling their morphological diversity and vertebrate evolution
Shark and ray genomics for disentangling their morphological diversity and vertebrate evolution
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.001
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发表时间：
2021-06-14
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Kuraku, Shigehiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kuraku, Shigehiro
对鲨鱼和鳐（板鳃类）的发育研究为脊椎动物的形态进化过程提供了许多见解。尽管这些研究被认为是由大规模分子测序信息推动的，但鲨鱼和鳐的全基因组序列直到最近才被公开。板鳃类发育生物学的一个令人信服的困难是胚胎研究材料的低可及性和发育缓慢。另一个限制因素是它们的基因组相对较大。此外，它们庞大的体型限制了可持续的圈养繁殖，而它们的高体液渗透压阻碍了体外实验的可重复细胞培养，这也限制了我们对它们染色体组织的了解，以验证基因组测序产品。本文重点介绍了在发育生物学中使用的产卵板鳃类物种，并概述了迄今为止揭示的鲨鱼和射线基因组的特征。从全基因组的角度也审查了基因的基础上进行的发展研究。在发育生物学研究中流行的调控基因中，我仔细研究了Wnt基因的鲨鱼同源物，这些基因突出了许多其他脊椎动物谱系中消失的剧目，以及Hox基因，这些基因经历了一个意想不到的修改，这是板鳃类谱系所独有的。这些主题一起讨论的见解重建的共同祖先的脊椎动物和随后的进化轨迹，标志着独特的功能，和那些表征软骨鱼类之间的多样性的发展计划。
Developmental studies of sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) have provided much insight into the process of morphological evolution of vertebrates. Although those studies are supposedly fueled by large-scale molecular sequencing information, whole-genome sequences of sharks and rays were made available only recently. One compelling difficulty of elasmobranch developmental biology is the low accessibility to embryonic study materials and their slow development. Another limiting factor is the relatively large size of their genomes. Moreover, their large body sizes restrict sustainable captive breeding, while their high body fluid osmolarity prevents reproducible cell culturing for in vitro experimentation, which has also limited our knowledge of their chromosomal organization for validation of genome sequencing products. This article focuses on egg-laying elasmobranch species used in developmental biology and provides an overview of the characteristics of the shark and ray genomes revealed to date. Developmental studies performed on a gene-by-gene basis are also reviewed from a whole-genome perspective. Among the popular regulatory genes studied in developmental biology, I scrutinize shark homologs of Wnt genes that highlight vanishing repertoires in many other vertebrate lineages, as well as Hox genes that underwent an unexpected modification unique to the elasmobranch lineage. These topics are discussed together with insights into the reconstruction of developmental programs in the common ancestor of vertebrates and its subsequent evolutionary trajectories that mark the features that are unique to, and those characterizing the diversity among, cartilaginous fishes.