Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark's anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii)
Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark's anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii)
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DOI：
10.7717/peerj.6152
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发表时间：
2019-01-07
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Hannigan, Robyn E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Holmberg, Robert J.;Wilcox-Freeburg, Eric;Hannigan, Robyn E.
海洋酸化，由于吸收大气中多余的CO2，海洋表面pH值和[CO 32-]持续下降，对海洋生物群，特别是钙化生物产生深远的影响。其中有硬骨鱼，它内部钙化耳石，内耳和前庭系统的关键要素。文献中有证据表明，海洋酸化会增加耳石的大小并改变形状，可能会影响耳力学，从而影响感官知觉。在这里，幼虫克拉克的海葵鱼，双锯鱼clarkii（班尼特，1830年），饲养在各种海水pCO（2）/pH值处理类似于未来的海洋场景。在变态的发病，所有耳石从每个单独的鱼和分析的治疗效果的形态计量学，包括面积，周长，和圆度;扫描电子显微镜被用来筛选证据的治疗效果的横向发展，表面粗糙度，和球霰石替代。结果证实了其他类群的其他实验，观察到耳石生长与升高pCO（2），并提供证据，横向发展和表面粗糙度增加。两个矢状突的面积、周长、侧向发育和粗糙度均增加;左侧火山灰的面积和周长增加，而右侧火山灰的侧向发育和粗糙度增加;左侧火山灰的周长、粗糙度和椭圆度随着pCO的增加而增加（2）。右侧火山砾和左侧耳石仅受到最极端的pCO（2）处理的影响，表明它们对文石不饱和的任何条件都有弹性，而所有其他受影响的耳石对较低浓度有反应。最后，鱼类在10 dph下的定居能力显著降低，鱼类标准长度随着pCO（2）的增加而略微降低。耳石异常和不对称性的增加可能通过改变耳石-黄斑的相互作用而影响内耳功能。
Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO32-] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO2, has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers. Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system. There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception. Here, larval Clark's anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830), were reared in various seawater pCO(2)/pH treatments analogous to future ocean scenarios. At the onset of metamorphosis, all otoliths were removed from each individual fish and analyzed for treatment effects on morphometrics including area, perimeter, and circularity; scanning electron microscopy was used to screen for evidence of treatment effects on lateral development, surface roughness, and vaterite replacement. The results corroborate those of other experiments with other taxa that observed otolith growth with elevated pCO(2), and provide evidence that lateral development and surface roughness increased as well. Both sagittae exhibited increasing area, perimeter, lateral development, and roughness; left lapilli exhibited increasing area and perimeter while right lapilli exhibited increasing lateral development and roughness; and left asterisci exhibited increasing perimeter, roughness, and ellipticity with increasing pCO(2). Right lapilli and left asterisci were only impacted by the most extreme pCO(2) treatment, suggesting they are resilient to any conditions short of aragonite undersaturation, while all other impacted otoliths responded to lower concentrations. Finally, fish settlement competency at 10 dph was dramatically reduced, and fish standard length marginally reduced with increasing pCO(2). Increasing abnormality and asymmetry of otoliths may impact inner ear function by altering otolith-maculae interactions.