DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS AND EVOLUTION
DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINTS AND EVOLUTION
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DOI：
10.1086/414425
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发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
WOLPERT, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
SMITH, JM;BURIAN, R;WOLPERT, L
发育限制（定义为对变异表型产生的偏差或由发育系统的结构、特征、组成或动态引起的表型变异的限制）无疑在进化中发挥着重要作用。然而，与选择、漂移和其他影响进化历史的因素相比，它们的重要性却鲜有共识。本次审查区分了“普遍”和“局部”约束；它主要涉及后者，适用于有限范围的分类群。通常，即使在它们所适用的分类群内，也可以打破这些限制，尽管难度不同。讨论了约束的起源，明确考虑了约束的五个特征。提出了三种识别约束的方法，以及四种区分发展约束和选择性约束的方法。后者（使用先验适应性预测、直接测量选择、直接测量遗传变异以及使用比较方法）都不是万无一失的。在最后一节中，讨论了关于发育限制在进化中的作用的三个更大的问题：进化停滞可以在多大程度上用发展术语来解释，进化趋势和模式可能在多大程度上是发育限制的结果，以及各种遗传和发育机制在多大程度上由于谱系为了生存而表现出进化可塑性（或适应性）的需要而进化。尽管在这些更大的问题上还没有得出明确的结论，但我们利用发育生物学、进化论和（在有限程度上）分子生物学的最新进展来解决这些问题。
Developmental constraints (defined as biases on the production of variant phenotypes or limitations on phenotypic variability caused by the structure, character, composition, or dynamics of the developmental system) undoubtedly play a significant role in evolution. Yet there is little agreement on their importance as compared with selection, drift, and other such factors in shaping evolutionary history. This review distinguishes between "universal" and "local" constraints; it deals primarily with the latter, which apply to a limited range of taxa. Such constraints, typically, can be broken even within the taxa to which they apply, though with varying degrees of difficulty. The origin of constraints is discussed, five distinctive of constraint being explicitly considered. Three means of identifying constraints are set forth, as well as four means of distinguishing developmental from selective constraints. None of the latter (use of a priori adaptive predictions, direct measurement of selection, direct measurement of heritable variation, and use of the comparative method) is foolproof. In the final section, three larger issues regarding the role of developmental constraints in evolution are discussed: the extent to which evolutionary stasis can be explained in developmental terms, the extend to which evolutionary trends and patterns might be a consequence of developmental constraints, and the extent to which various genetic and developmental mechanisms have evolved in virtue of the need of lineages to manifest evolutionary plasticity (or adaptability) if they are to survive. Although no definitive conclusions are reached on these larger issues, we bring recent advances in developmental biology, evolutionary theory, and (to a limited extent) molecular biology to bear on them.