Neural Influences on Sprint Running
Neural Influences on Sprint Running
复制标题
神经对短跑的影响
作者：
A. Ross;M. Leveritt;S. Riek
短跑运动的成绩取决于加速能力、最大速度的大小和抵抗疲劳的能力。这些因素受到新陈代谢和人体测量成分的强烈影响。改善肌肉激活的时间顺序和/或改善快速抽动纤维招募可能有助于优异的短跑成绩。脉冲沿运动轴传递的速度也可能对短跑成绩有影响。神经传导速度(NCV)已被证明在一段时间的冲刺训练后会增加。然而，很难确定增加的NCV是否可能有助于提高短跑成绩。据报道，霍夫曼反射(H-Relex)测量的运动神经元兴奋性的增加会产生更强大的肌肉收缩，因此最大限度地提高运动神经元的兴奋性将有助于短跑成绩。适当的刺激可以显著提高运动神经元的兴奋性，对短跑成绩有明显的影响。然而，据报道，与耐力训练的运动员相比，为爆炸性项目训练的运动员在休息时的H反射较低。这可能是由于相对较高的快速抽动纤维百分比以及在接受力量训练的人群中此类运动单位的高激活阈值造成的。相比之下，短跑运动员的拉伸反射似乎得到了增强，这可能是因为短跑训练增加了肌梭的敏感性。然而，在肌肉处于收缩状态的情况下，有证据表明，与对照组相比，短跑和阻力训练人群的反射增强更大。同样，这可能表明了这些人群中主要的运动单位类型，但也可能意味着短跑训练运动员在跑步过程中对力量产生的反射作用增强。在短跑训练期间和之后的神经起源疲劳对优化训练频率和音量有一定的影响。研究表明，运动员无法在例如100米短跑的整个过程中保持最高射击频率。单次训练后的疲劳也可能有神经表现，一些运动员在大强度训练后无法自愿完全激活肌肉或经历伸展反射抑制。这可能与肌肉损伤一起发生。研究神经对短跑成绩的影响的研究有限。进一步的纵向研究是必要的，以提高我们对神经因素的理解，这些因素有助于训练导致短跑成绩的提高。
AbstractPerformance in sprint exercise is determined by the ability to accelerate, the magnitude of maximal velocity and the ability to maintain velocity against the onset of fatigue. These factors are strongly influenced by metabolic and anthropometric components. Improved temporal sequencing of muscle activation and/or improved fast twitch fibre recruitment may contribute to superior sprint performance. Speed of impulse transmission along the motor axon may also have implications on sprint performance. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) has been shown to increase in response to a period of sprint training. However, it is difficult to determine if increased NCV is likely to contribute to improved sprint performance.An increase in motoneuron excitability, as measured by the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex), has been reported to produce a more powerful muscular contraction, hence maximising motoneuron excitability would be expected to benefit sprint performance. Motoneuron excitability can be raised acutely by an appropriate stimulus with obvious implications for sprint performance. However, at rest H-reflex has been reported to be lower in athletes trained for explosive events compared with endurance-trained athletes. This may be caused by the relatively high, fast twitch fibre percentage and the consequent high activation thresholds of such motor units in power-trained populations. In contrast, stretch reflexes appear to be enhanced in sprint athletes possibly because of increased muscle spindle sensitivity as a result of sprint training. With muscle in a contracted state, however, there is evidence to suggest greater reflex potentiation among both sprint and resistance-trained populations compared with controls. Again this may be indicative of the predominant types of motor units in these populations, but may also mean an enhanced reflex contribution to force production during running in sprint-trained athletes.Fatigue of neural origin both during and following sprint exercise has implications with respect to optimising training frequency and volume. Research suggests athletes are unable to maintain maximal firing frequencies for the full duration of, for example, a 100m sprint. Fatigue after a single training session may also have a neural manifestation with some athletes unable to voluntarily fully activate muscle or experiencing stretch reflex inhibition after heavy training. This may occur in conjunction with muscle damage.Research investigating the neural influences on sprint performance is limited. Further longitudinal research is necessary to improve our understanding of neural factors that contribute to training-induced improvements in sprint performance.
收缩和乳酸对猫 III 组肌肉传入放电的影响。
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Sinoway,LI;Hill,JM;Pickar,JG;Kaufman,MP
通讯作者：
Kaufman,MP
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
BIGLANDRITCHIE, BR;DAWSON, NJ;LIPPOLD, OCJ
通讯作者：
LIPPOLD, OCJ