High-mass star formation at sub-50 au scales

High-mass star formation at sub-50 au scales
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50 au 尺度以下的高质量恒星形成

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/201834064
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
6.5
通讯作者:
Beuther H
Beuther H
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Beuther H

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迄今为止,恒星形成的分级过程大多是在数千个天文单位到秒差距的尺度上进行研究,但在亚毫米范围内,较小的亚1000个天文单位尺度的高质量恒星形成仍然很大程度上未被探索。目的我们的目标是在最高空间分辨率下解析尘埃和气体排放,以研究高质量恒星形成过程中最致密结构的物理性质。方法我们观测了高质量热核心区域G351.77-0.54 采用阿塔卡马大型毫米波阵列,基线延伸超过 16 公里。这使我们能够在低于 50 个天文单位的空间尺度上剖析该区域。结果以 18/40 个天文单位的空间分辨率(取决于距离),我们在该区域内部几千个天文单位内识别出 12 个子结构。亮度温度很高,达到大于 1000 K 的值,标志着朝向峰值位置的高光学深度。核心分离度在低于 100 au 到几百到 1000 au 之间。核心分离和近似质量在很大程度上与致密气体核心的热牛仔裤破碎一致。由于连续谱光学深度高,大多数谱线都处于吸收状态。然而,我们发现了一些特殊的发射线,很可能源于激发条件高于 1000 K 的跃迁。对于主连续谱源,这些发射线表现出跨 100-200 au 尺度的速度梯度,与分子流出对齐,并垂直于先前推断的圆盘方向。虽然我们不能排除这些观测特征源于内部热吸积盘,但与流出物的对齐表明它源于内部喷流和流出区域。最高速度特征出现在峰值位置,并且无法识别类似哈勃的速度结构。因此,这些数据与热分子气体通过射流和流出物之间的界面处的开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性的稳态湍流夹带是一致的。结论在亚50 au尺度上解析这个高质量恒星形成区域表明,热吉恩斯破碎框架中的分层破碎过程可以继续向下到最小的可到达空间尺度。必须谨慎对待这些小尺度上的速度梯度,它们不一定源于圆盘,但可以用流出发射更好地解释。研究这些小尺度非常强大,但涵盖所有空间尺度并得出从大到小尺度的全局图景是下一步研究的方向。
ContextThe hierarchical process of star formation has so far mostly been studied on scales from thousands of au to parsecs, but the smaller sub-1000 au scales of high-mass star formation are still largely unexplored in the submillimeter regime.AimsWe aim to resolve the dust and gas emission at the highest spatial resolution to study the physical properties of the densest structures during high-mass star formation.MethodsWe observed the high-mass hot core region G351.77-0.54 with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array with baselines extending out to more than 16 km. This allowed us to dissect the region at sub-50 au spatial scales.ResultsAt a spatial resolution of 18/40 au (depending on the distance), we identify twelve sub-structures within the inner few thousand au of the region. The brightness temperatures are high, reaching values greater 1000 K, signposting high optical depth toward the peak positions. Core separations vary between sub-100 au to several 100 and 1000 au. The core separations and approximate masses are largely consistent with thermal Jeans fragmentation of a dense gas core. Due to the high continuum optical depth, most spectral lines are seen in absorption. However, a few exceptional emission lines are found that most likely stem from transitions with excitation conditions above 1000 K. Toward the main continuum source, these emission lines exhibit a velocity gradient across scales of 100–200 au aligned with the molecular outflow and perpendicular to the previously inferred disk orientation. While we cannot exclude that these observational features stem from an inner hot accretion disk, the alignment with the outflow rather suggests that it stems from the inner jet and outflow region. The highest-velocity features are found toward the peak position, and no Hubble-like velocity structure can be identified. Therefore, these data are consistent with steady-state turbulent entrainment of the hot molecular gas via Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the interface between the jet and the outflow.ConclusionsResolving this high-mass star-forming region at sub-50 au scales indicates that the hierarchical fragmentation process in the framework of thermal Jeans fragmentation can continue down to the smallest accessible spatial scales. Velocity gradients on these small scales have to be treated cautiously and do not necessarily stem from disks, but may be better explained with outflow emission. Studying these small scales is very powerful, but covering all spatial scales and deriving a global picture from large to small scales are the next steps to investigate.
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DOI: --
发表时间: 2018
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发表时间: 2011
影响因子: 6.5
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