LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CATEGORIZING HIGHWAY SAFETY PHENOMENA AND ACTIVITY
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CATEGORIZING HIGHWAY SAFETY PHENOMENA AND ACTIVITY
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DOI：
10.1097/00005373-197203000-00002
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发表时间：
1972-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
HADDON, W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HADDON, W
容忍而不伤害。能量交换损害的许多常见例子包括火灾、战争和个人暴力、风暴和地震、脚趾受伤、晒伤、电梯和窗户清洗机的福尔斯坠落、邮寄包装不当的物品、危险货物的爆炸、以及道路和航天器及其内容物的不必要的突然减速，特别是如果这些内容物包装不当。纵观历史，人类已经从经验上认识到，能量损伤损失是由所涉及的因素的三个阶段的相互作用的序列引起的（3）。对于本讨论，第一阶段可以方便地标记为“事件前阶段”。在此期间，决定潜在的破坏性能量交换是否会实际发生的各种因素是起作用的。例如，邮包是否会掉下来;阳光是否会照到裸露的皮肤;电梯电缆是否会断裂;火灾是否会点燃;电路是否会短路;杂技演员是否会摔倒;建筑工人是否会被击中头部;或者车辆是否会撞车。许多常见的损失减少措施寻求修改事件前的相互作用，以减少环境与人类或其他敏感结构之间的破坏性能量交换的可能性。然而，人类很久以前就认识到，事前的能量损失减少措施很少能充分发挥作用，而且完全依赖或甚至过度依赖这些措施通常会导致无法实现可接受的损失减少。举个例子，没有一个理性的门外汉、科学家或管理者会通过邮件运送易碎货物，并假设：1）他可以成功地改变邮政员工的行为，使他们永远不会放弃他的财产，因此不会发生能量损失;或者2）如果他不能这样做，那么他就不会这样做。
tolerate without damage. The many commonplace illustrations of energy-exchange damage include those produced in fires; in war and individual violence; in storms and earthquakes; in stubbing one's toe; in sunburn; in falls of elevators and window washers; in shipping improperly packaged articles by mail; in explosions of hazardous cargoes; and in unnecessarily abrupt decelerations of road and space vehicles and their contents, especially if those contents are improperly packaged.Throughout history, man has empirically recognized that energy-damage losses result from a sequence of three phases of interactions of the factors involved (3). For this discussion the first phase can be conveniently labeled “The Pre-Event Phase.” In this period are operative the various factors that determine whether potentially damaging energy exchanges will actually take place. For example, whether postal pack-ages will be dropped; sunlight will reach bare skin; elevator cables will break; fires will be ignited; electrical short-circuits will occur; acro-bats will fall; construction workers will be hit on their heads; or vehicles will crash. Many commonplace loss reduction measures seek the modification of Pre-Event interactions to reduce the likelihood of damaging exchanges of energy between the environment and human or other susceptible structures. Man learned long ago, however, that Pre-Event, energy-damage loss reduction measures seldom work adequately, and that exclusive or even preponderant reliance on them usually guarantees failure to achieve acceptable reduc-tions in the losses of concern. In illustration, no rational layman, scientist, or manager would ship delicate cargo by mail with the assumption either 1) that he could so successfully modify the behavior of postal employees that they would never drop his property, and that therefore no energy-damage to it would occur; or 2) that, if he could not so