The legal design of the international and European Union ban on tributyltin antifouling paint: Direct and indirect effects
The legal design of the international and European Union ban on tributyltin antifouling paint: Direct and indirect effects
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.013
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发表时间：
2009-02-15
影响因子：
8.7
通讯作者：
Gipperth, Lena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gipperth, Lena
2001年通过并将于2008年9月生效的《控制船舶有害防污系统公约》(AFS公约)禁止在船舶上使用TBT(三丁基锡)防污涂料。欧盟(欧洲联盟)于2008年1月1日实施了类似的禁令，从而有效地执行了《公约》。有几个州实施了全国性的限制和禁令。对TBT防污涂料的监管旨在遏制对海洋生态系统的不利影响风险。然而，法律和政治局势是这样的。以不同层次的立法之间的复杂关系、使用几种不同的法律技术和雄心壮志为特点。因此，国际和欧盟的禁令造成了一些间接影响，这些影响仅部分包括在被视为“TBT问题”的范围内，因此仅在禁令的法律程序中进行了部分评估。本文讨论了旨在减少TBT类毒素对海洋生态系统的负面环境影响和这种行动的间接影响的现有立法和法律战略的权宜性。它考虑了目前处理复杂环境问题的监管方法的充分性和局限性，例如防污涂料中的TBT。(C)2008爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
The Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), which was adopted in 2001 and will come into force in September 2008, bans the use of TBT (tributyltin) antifouling paint on ships. The EU (European Union) effectively implemented the Convention on 1 January 2008 by enforcing a similar ban. Several states have national restrictions and bans in place. The regulation on TBT antifouling paint aims at checking the risk of adverse effects on marine ecosystems. The legal and political situation is, however. characterized by complex relations between different layers of legislation, the use of several different legal techniques, and levels of ambition. The international and EU bans thereby cause some indirect effects, which are only partly included in what is seen as 'the TBT issue' and so only partly assessed in the legal process of the ban. This article discusses the expediency of the existing legislation and legal strategies aimed at reducing the negative environmental effects of TBT-like toxins in marine ecosystems and indirect effects of such actions. It considers the adequacy and limits of current regulatory approaches for handling complex environmental problems, such as TBT in antifouling paint. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.