Day by day, hour by hour: Naturalistic language input to infants
Day by day, hour by hour: Naturalistic language input to infants
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DOI：
10.1111/desc.12715
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Tor, Shaelise
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bergelson, Elika;Amatuni, Andrei;Tor, Shaelise
对婴儿早期经历的测量提供了关于早期发展的关键信息。然而，抽样方法在提供这些测量中的作用很少受到审查。在这里，我们直接比较了同一组44名6个月和7个月大的婴儿的一小时的视频记录和一天的音频记录的语言输入。我们比较了12种语言量和词汇多样性，说话者的变异性，话语类型和对象存在的措施，发现适度的相关性在记录类型。然而，与一整天的音频记录相比，视频记录通常具有更密集的名词输入，更类似于“高峰”音频时间（尽管说话者和单词类型没有那么高）。虽然音频记录比视频记录的唤醒时间多10倍，但其中的名词输入仅为2-4倍。值得注意的是，无论我们将视频与一整天的音频记录还是峰值音频时间进行比较，视频都具有相对较少的陈述性和更多的问题;此外，最常见的视频记录名词在家庭中的一致性低于顶级音频记录名词。因此，长达一小时的视频和长达一天的录音揭示了婴儿在日常生活中听到和学习的语言的不同画面。我们建议，短的视频记录提供了一个密集的和有点不同的样本婴儿的语言经验，而不是一个典型的，应该谨慎使用外推的常见单词，说话者，话语类型，和上下文在更大的时间尺度。如果语言发展的理论要对来自观察数据的“事实”负责，那么就需要更加小心地解开早期语言输入的抽样方法的后果。
Measurements of infants' quotidian experiences provide critical information about early development. However, the role of sampling methods in providing these measurements is rarely examined. Here we directly compare language input from hour-long video-recordings and daylong audio-recordings within the same group of 44 infants at 6 and 7 months. We compared 12 measures of language quantity and lexical diversity, talker variability, utterance-type, and object presence, finding moderate correlations across recording-types. However, video-recordings generally featured far denser noun input across these measures compared to the daylong audio-recordings, more akin to 'peak' audio hours (though not as high in talkers and word-types). Although audio-recordings captured similar to 10 times more awake-time than videos, the noun input in them was only 2-4 times greater. Notably, whether we compared videos to daylong audio-recordings or peak audio times, videos featured relatively fewer declaratives and more questions; furthermore, the most common video-recorded nouns were less consistent across families than the top audio-recording nouns were. Thus, hour-long videos and daylong audio-recordings revealed fairly divergent pictures of the language infants hear and learn from in their daily lives. We suggest that short video-recordings provide a dense and somewhat different sample of infants' language experiences, rather than a typical one, and should be used cautiously for extrapolation about common words, talkers, utterance-types, and contexts at larger timescales. If theories of language development are to be held accountable to 'facts on the ground' from observational data, greater care is needed to unpack the ramifications of sampling methods of early language input.