The Death of a Salesman? Reconfiguring Economic Exchange in Swedish Post-War Food Distribution
The Death of a Salesman? Reconfiguring Economic Exchange in Swedish Post-War Food Distribution
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推销员之死？
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
H. Kjellberg
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作者：
H. Kjellberg
经济秩序是如何建立的？将市场交换与其他形式的交换，或者实际上，与整个社会互动区分开来，有什么意义吗？如果是这样，市场的具体情况是什么？是放弃交易的计算，还是执行的交易类型？本章讨论经济计算、经济交易和经济机构之间的密切关系，所有这些都可以作为经济秩序过程的一部分来观察。这项任务将通过详细介绍 Hakon 协议来完成，Hakon 协议是一项合理化计划，旨在“节约”20 世纪 40 年代末食品零售贸易中批发商、瑞典公司 Hakonbolaget 与其客户之间的经济往来。该计划的目的是通过引入一种基于零售商使用预先打印的商品目录填写的书面订单的交易模式来实现没有销售员的市场。该叙述显示了新系统的实施过程如何与计算实践的转变密切相关。在介绍了实证案例之后，本章讨论了有关计算实践和经济组织之间相互关系的三个具体问题。首先，我回顾一下科斯提出的关于不同经济秩序之间转换的经典论点。基于这个案例，我认为，在对经济组织过程进行调查之初，就不能假设现有的替代方案，也不能假设计算其各自收益的方法。其次，我批判性地评估了现有的将市场定义为此类（社会科学）调查起点的关注点。我认为，尽管表面上看，本案与去市场化无关。第三，我讨论了计算机构的实际塑造，表明此类机构同时存在匮乏和丰富，这一悖论是经济秩序塑造的一个重要方面。
How are economic orders established? Is there any point in singling out market exchange from other forms of exchange, or indeed, from social interaction at large? And if so, what is specific about markets? Is it the calculations that forego the transactions, or the type of transactions performed? This chapter addresses the close relationships between economic calculations, economic transactions, and economic agencies, all of which can be observed as part of economic ordering processes. This task will be accomplished through a detailed account of the introduction of the Hakon deal, a rationalization programme purporting to ‘economize’ the economic exchanges between a wholesaler, the Swedish firm Hakonbolaget, and its customers within the food retail trade in the late 1940s. The purpose of this programme was to realize a market without salesmen by introducing a mode of transacting based on written orders filled out by the retailers using a pre-printed goods catalogue. The account shows how the process of putting the new system into place was intimately connected to transformations in calculative practices. After presenting the empirical case, the chapter addresses three specific issues concerning the interrelation between calculative practices and economic organizing. First, I revisit the classic argument put forward by Coase concerning the transition between different economic orders. Based on the case, I argue that neither the available alternatives, nor the methods of calculating their respective benefits can be assumed at the outset of an inquiry into a process of economic organizing. Second, I critically assess the existing preoccupation with defining the market as a starting point for such (social scientific) inquiries. I argue that, despite appearances, the present case is not about de-marketization. Third, I discuss the practical shaping of calculative agencies, suggesting that there is a simultaneous paucity and abundance of such agencies, a paradox which is an important facet of the shaping of economic orders.