Environmental Transport of Emerging Human-Pathogenic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes through Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater
Environmental Transport of Emerging Human-Pathogenic Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes through Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater
复制标题
通过下水道溢流和废水合并，新兴的人类致病性隐孢子虫物种和亚型的环境迁移
DOI：
10.1128/aem.00682-17
复制
发表时间：
2017-08-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Xiao, Lihua
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huang, Chengchen;Hu, Yue;Xiao, Lihua
隐孢子虫的环境迁移。目前还不清楚发展中国家是否存在通过混合下水道溢流（CSO）引起的感染，以及是否出现了几种新的人类致病性隐孢子虫。在这项研究中，我们收集了来自中国上海的40个CSO样品和40个原污水样品，并通过PCR和DNA测序检测隐孢子虫（靶向小亚基rRNA基因）、贾第鞭毛虫（靶向磷酸丙糖异构酶、β-贾第虫和谷氨酸脱氢酶基因）和比氏肠胞虫（靶向核糖体内转录间隔区）的基因型。通过对60 kDa糖蛋白基因的序列分析，进一步对人类致病性隐孢子虫物种进行了亚型分析，并对新出现的人畜共患病原体隐孢子虫进行了额外的多位点序列分型。隐孢子虫属，G. sporadalis和E.分别在12和15份、33和32份、37和40份CSO和废水样品中检测到bieneusi，其中包括10种隐孢子虫，3种G。Escherialis组合，以及8个E. bieneusi基因型。除了人隐孢子虫和微小隐孢子虫外，在工业化国家发现了两种新的病原体，C。ubiquitin和Cryptosporidium viatorum。两部小说C。鉴定的泛素亚型家族似乎是已知亚型家族的遗传重组体。同样，优势群1 E. bieneusi基因型和G. AII是已知的人类病原体。人类致病性隐孢子虫与E. bieneusi和G.废水和CSO样品之间的细菌基因型再次证实，暴雨溢流是地表水中病原体的一个潜在的重要污染源。C. ubiquitin和C.城市污水中的vitorum表明，这些新发现的人类病原体可能是中国的地方病。隐孢子虫属，贾第鞭毛虫和比氏肠细胞虫是主要的水媒病原体。这些物质通过合流下水道溢流进入地表水，在发展中国家基本上没有得到处理，但这一情况尚未得到研究。此外，这些病原体的基因型和亚型在城市暴雨溢流和废水的鉴定是必要的，快速和准确的评估病原体在人类和运输环境中的传播。这项研究的数据表明，像未经处理的城市污水一样，混合下水道溢流通常被人类致病性隐孢子虫，G。sporadalis和E. bieneusi基因型和亚型以及城市暴雨溢流可能在人类病原体对饮用水源水和娱乐用水的污染中发挥重要作用。他们还表明，隐孢子虫ubiquitinium和隐孢子虫viatorum，两个新发现的人类病原体可能在中国很常见，基因重组可能导致新的C。泛素亚型家族。
ABSTRACT The environmental transport of Cryptosporidium spp. through combined sewer overflow (CSO) and the occurrence of several emerging human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species in developing countries remain unclear. In this study, we collected 40 CSO samples and 40 raw wastewater samples from Shanghai, China, and examined them by PCR and DNA sequencing for Cryptosporidium species (targeting the small subunit rRNA gene) and Giardia duodenalis (targeting the triosephosphate isomerase, β-giardin, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer) genotypes. Human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species were further subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene, with additional multilocus sequence typing on the emerging zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were detected in 12 and 15, 33 and 32, and 37 and 40 CSO and wastewater samples, respectively, including 10 Cryptosporidium species, 3 G. duodenalis assemblages, and 8 E. bieneusi genotypes. In addition to Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, two new pathogens identified in industrialized nations, C. ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium viatorum, were frequently detected. The two novel C. ubiquitum subtype families identified appeared to be genetic recombinants of known subtype families. Similarly, the dominant group 1 E. bieneusi genotypes and G. duodenalis subassemblage AII are known human pathogens. The similar distribution of human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis genotypes between wastewater and CSO samples reaffirms that storm overflow is potentially a significant contamination source of pathogens in surface water. The frequent identification of C. ubiquitum and C. viatorum in urban wastewater suggests that these newly identified human pathogens may be endemic in China. IMPORTANCE Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are major waterborne pathogens. Their transport into surface water through combined sewer overflow, which remains largely untreated in developing countries, has not been examined. In addition, the identification of these pathogens to genotypes and subtypes in urban storm overflow and wastewater is necessary for rapid and accurate assessment of pathogen transmission in humans and transport in the environment. Data from this study suggest that, like untreated urban wastewater, combined sewer overflow is commonly contaminated with human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi genotypes and subtypes, and urban storm overflow potentially plays a significant role in the contamination of drinking source water and recreational water with human pathogens. They also indicate that Cryptosporidium ubiquitum and Cryptosporidium viatorum, two newly identified human pathogens, may be common in China, and genetic recombination can lead to the emergence of novel C. ubiquitum subtype families.