Implications of different residential lead standards on children's blood lead levels in France: Predictions based on a national cross-sectional survey
Implications of different residential lead standards on children's blood lead levels in France: Predictions based on a national cross-sectional survey
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.007
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Glorennec, Philippe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Oulhote, Youssef;Le Tertre, Alain;Glorennec, Philippe
尽管儿童的血铅水平（BLL）急剧下降，但有相当多的证据表明，低水平的铅暴露与智力缺陷和行为问题有关，没有明显的阈值。然而，关于住宅来源的铅对当代儿童血铅水平的影响的数据有限。本研究的目的是计算住宅来源的铅的贡献，以评估制定住宅灰尘，土壤和水中铅含量新标准的潜在影响。我们招募了484名年龄从6个月到6岁的法国儿童，并收集了有关社会，住房和个人特征的数据。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测量血液和环境样品（水，土壤和灰尘）中的铅浓度。采用多变量广义加性模型对数据进行分析，该模型考虑了抽样设计和抽样权重。我们发现，在调整潜在的混杂变量后，灰尘、土壤和水中极低浓度的铅是儿童BLL的重要预测因子。铅污染的地板灰尘是血铅的主要来源。BLL（总经理：当地板尘、松散土壤、硬土壤和水的铅含量从第25百分位增加到第95百分位时，地板尘、松散土壤、硬土壤和水的铅含量分别增加65%、13%、25%和5%。我们还观察到，BLL的最大增加发生在铅污染的地板灰尘的最低水平，这表明铅污染应保持尽可能低。不同的可能标准对儿童基本生命线的影响也以表格形式列出，并指出，除非标准定得低，否则这些标准只会使一小部分接触最多的儿童受益。(C)2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Despite the dramatic reductions in children's blood lead levels (BLLs), there is considerable evidence that low-level lead exposure is associated with intellectual deficits and behavioral problems, without apparent threshold. There are limited data, however, about the contribution of residential sources of lead to contemporary children's blood lead levels. The aim of this study is to calculate the contributions of residential sources of lead to assess the potential impact of setting new standards for lead levels in residential dust, soil and water. We enrolled 484 French children aged from 6 months to 6 years, and collected data on social, housing and individual characteristics. Lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, and dusts) were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a multivariate generalized additive model accounting for the sampling design and the sampling weights. We found that exceedingly low concentrations of lead in dust, soil and water were significant predictors of children's BLLs, after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Lead-contaminated floor dust was the main source of lead in blood. BLLs (GM: 14 mu g/L) increased by 65%, 13%, 25%, and 5% when lead content in floor dust, loose soil, hard soil and water increased from their 25th percentile to their 95th percentile, respectively. We also observed that the steepest increase in BLLs occurred at the lowest levels of lead-contaminated floor dust, which indicates that lead contamination should be kept as low as possible. Impact of different possible standards on children's BLLs was also tabulated and indicated that unless standards are set low, they will only benefit a small proportion of children who have the highest exposures. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.