Should Cities Embrace Their Heat Islands as Shields from Extreme Cold?
Should Cities Embrace Their Heat Islands as Shields from Extreme Cold?
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DOI：
10.1175/jamc-d-17-0265.1
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发表时间：
2018-06
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Jiachuan Yang;E. Bou‐Zeid
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jiachuan Yang;E. Bou‐Zeid
城市中相对于其农村环境的较高温度，被称为城市热岛（UHI），是最有据可查和最严重的人为环境变化之一。在夏季和热浪期间，热岛对居民和城市的可持续性是危险的;另一方面，它们在冬季提供了相当大的好处。然而，寒潮期间UHI的演变尚未被探索。在这项研究中，来自12个美国城市的地面观测和高分辨率天气模拟表明，UHIs不仅在冬季温暖城市地区，而且在寒潮期间进一步加强，夜间相对于前期和后续时期高达1.32° ± 0.78°C（平均值±标准差）。从建筑供暖释放的人为热量被发现，贡献超过30%的城市热岛强度。因此，UHIs可以作为抵御极寒事件的避难所，并提供包括减轻寒冷危害和减少供暖需求在内的好处。更重要的是，模拟表明，标准的城市热岛缓解措施，如绿色或凉爽的屋顶减少这些寒潮的好处在不同程度上。因此，城市，特别是在凉爽和寒冷的温带气候中，应该重新审视其政策，以支持（现有的）仅在炎热时期有效的缓解方法。
The higher temperature in cities relative to their rural surroundings, known as the urban heat island (UHI), is one of the most well documented and severe anthropogenic modifications of the environment. Heat islands are hazardous to residents and the sustainability of cities during summertime and heat waves; on the other hand, they provide considerable benefits in wintertime. Yet, the evolution of UHIs during cold waves has not yet been explored. In this study, ground-based observations from 12 U.S. cities and high-resolution weather simulations show that UHIs not only warm urban areas in the winter but also further intensify during cold waves by up to 1.32° ± 0.78°C (mean ± standard deviation) at night relative to precedent and subsequent periods. Anthropogenic heat released from building heating is found to contribute more than 30% of the UHI intensification. UHIs thus serve as shelters against extreme-cold events and provide benefits that include mitigating cold hazard and reducing heating demand. More important, simulations indicate that standard UHI mitigation measures such as green or cool roofs reduce these cold-wave benefits to different extents. Cities, particularly in cool and cold temperate climates, should hence revisit their policies to favor (existing) mitigation approaches that are effective only during hot periods.