Assumption of Risk and the Role of Health Warnings Labels in the United States
Assumption of Risk and the Role of Health Warnings Labels in the United States
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DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntz089
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发表时间：
2020-06-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Sebrie, Ernesto Marcelo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cummings, K. Michael;Gdanski, Jonathan;Sebrie, Ernesto Marcelo
引言：这篇文章提供了历史背景，了解卷烟行业如何操纵健康警告标签（hwl）中使用的语言，以保护他们在诉讼中。方法：回顾从1964年开始讨论HWLs对香烟的作用的先前保密的内部业务记录。审查卷烟制造商围绕2009年《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法案》中规定的HWLs提出的法律挑战，以及美国司法部要求的纠正声明中的语言。结果：在卫生局局长咨询委员会发布1964年报告后的几天内，烟草公司就策划了如何在未来的诉讼中利用香烟上的HWLs作为辩护。行业律师讨论起草立法草案，以防止其他政府机构要求在香烟容器和香烟广告上使用hwl，其措辞反映了卫生局局长咨询委员会报告的主要调查结果。1965年7月，国会确实通过了一项立法，强制要求单一的稀释香烟包装HWL，不包括香烟广告，正如行业律师所建议的那样。随后国会在1969年和1984年通过的HWL法律，以及最近制造商反对更新HWL图形和纠正声明的历史，反映了烟草公司一贯和持续的努力，以使自己免受吸烟造成的危害的责任。结论：从20世纪60年代中期开始，一直持续到今天，代表烟草公司工作的律师一直在努力操纵消费者警告的语言，将吸烟造成的危害的责任集中在吸烟者身上。
Introduction: This article provides historical context for understanding how the cigarette industry have manipulated language used in health warning labels (HWLs) to protect them in litigation.Methods: Review of previously secret internal business records from 1964 discussing the role HWLs on cigarettes. Review of the legal challenges made by cigarette manufacturers surrounding HWLs as mandated in the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and the language in corrective statements ordered by US Department of Justice.Results: Within days after the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee issued its 1964 Report the cigarette companies plotted how they could use HWLs on cigarettes as a defense in future litigation. Industry lawyers discussed drafting legislation that would preempt other government agencies from requiring HWLs on cigarette containers and in cigarette advertising with language mirroring the key findings of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee report. In July 1965, Congress did pass legislation which mandated a single watered-down cigarette pack HWL which excluded cigarette advertising, just as industry lawyers had recommended. Subsequent HWL laws passed by Congress in 1969 and 1984 along with the more recent history of manufacturers opposing updated graphic HWLs and corrective statements reflects a consistent and continuing effort by cigarette companies to insulate themselves from taking responsibility for harms caused by smoking.Conclusion: Beginning in the mid-1960s and continuing even through today, lawyers working on behalf of cigarettes companies have worked to manipulate the language of consumer warnings to focus responsibility for the harms caused by smoking on smokers.