Amphibian Immune Defenses against Chytridiomycosis: Impacts of Changing Environments
Amphibian Immune Defenses against Chytridiomycosis: Impacts of Changing Environments
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/icr095
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发表时间：
2011-10-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Woodhams, Douglas C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rollins-Smith, Louise A.;Ramsey, Jeremy P.;Woodhams, Douglas C.
生态免疫学是一门试图了解免疫系统在宿主环境中的功能的研究领域。由于壶菌引起的新的传染病壶菌病，两栖动物目前在世界几乎所有地区都遭受毁灭性的下降和灭绝。由于壶菌病是一种皮肤感染，并保持局限于皮肤，皮肤的免疫防御是至关重要的生存。皮肤防御包括分泌的抗微生物肽和免疫球蛋白以及由共生皮肤细菌产生的抗真菌代谢物。低温、有毒化学物质和压力会抑制免疫系统，并可能损害对B的天然防御。树枝状的蝌蚪的口腔部位可以被B感染。树枝状的对嘴部的损伤会影响生长，即使成年蝌蚪已经分散，受影响的蝌蚪也会将病原体留在环境中。新变态的青蛙似乎特别容易受到感染和这种病原体的致命影响，因为免疫系统在变态时经历了戏剧性的重组，而变态后的防御尚未成熟。在这里，我们回顾我们目前的理解两栖动物免疫防御B。以及病原体抵抗这些防御的能力。我们还简要回顾了已知的温度，环境化学物质和压力对宿主-病原体相互作用的影响，并提出了未来的研究方向。
Eco-immunology is the field of study that attempts to understand the functions of the immune system in the context of the host's environment. Amphibians are currently suffering devastating declines and extinctions in nearly all parts of the world due to the emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Because chytridiomycosis is a skin infection and remains confined to the skin, immune defenses of the skin are critical for survival. Skin defenses include secreted antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins as well as antifungal metabolites produced by symbiotic skin bacteria. Low temperatures, toxic chemicals, and stress inhibit the immune system and may impair natural defenses against B. dendrobatidis. Tadpoles' mouth parts can be infected by B. dendrobatidis. Damage to the mouth parts can impair growth, and the affected tadpoles maintain the pathogen in the environment even when adults have dispersed. Newly metamorphosing frogs appear to be especially vulnerable to infection and to the lethal effects of this pathogen because the immune system undergoes a dramatic reorganization at metamorphosis, and postmetamorphic defenses are not yet mature. Here we review our current understanding of amphibian immune defenses against B. dendrobatidis and the ability of the pathogen to resist those defenses. We also briefly review what is known about the impacts of temperature, environmental chemicals, and stress on the host-pathogen interactions and suggest future directions for research.