Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs - A Review.
Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs - A Review.
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DOI：
10.5713/ajas.16.0118
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发表时间：
2016-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yun CH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lee IK;Kye YC;Kim G;Kim HW;Gu MJ;Umboh J;Maaruf K;Kim SW;Yun CH
现代畜牧生产向高度集约化、规模化方向发展，提高了生产效率。这种生产环境可能增加影响动物健康和生长的压力源。主要的压力源包括环境（空气质量和温度）、营养和感染。这些压力源可以降低生长性能，改变全身和局部水平的免疫系统，包括胃肠道。热应激增加了肠道的渗透性、氧化应激和炎症反应。来自禁食、抗营养化合物和毒素的营养压力会导致肠道紧密连接蛋白的渗漏和破坏。禁食被证明可以抑制促炎细胞因子，而脱氧雪腐镰梨醇可以增加肠道促炎细胞因子的募集和肠道淋巴细胞的水平。致病性和病毒性感染，如产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）和猪流行性腹泻病毒可导致肠上皮屏障松动。另一方面，添加乳酸菌或酵母菌可降低ETEC的感染应激。主要应激源改变了猪肠道屏障的通透性以及促炎细胞因子和趋化因子在粘膜系统中的基因和蛋白质谱。然而，这还不足以完全解释应激条件下猪肠道免疫系统的机制。肠道和全身免疫系统在主要应激源下的相互关系和相互作用需要更好的定义，以克服上述障碍。
Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.